Dependence of man on the environment Essay

Three experiments were conducted during week two. The first was to determine how many contaminates that we put into our water supply will reach our groundwater. The conclusion that I arrived at was, that there are still large remnants of contaminates in the groundwater supply after it has had a chance to be passed through soil. We emulated this affect by using smaller amounts of contaminates such as oil, vinegar and laundry detergent. Put them in a smaller amounts of water and then passed them though soil. Introduction In the introduction, I will list the problems with our world’s water sources. Contained in the articles written by: The Natural Resources Defense Council. Water. These sources go on to state problems that we are facing as a population with our water quality. Some of these problems are large amounts of water waste, the large cities that are going to face a climate change that will alter their dependence on water. They also note that dirty water is the worldâ€⠄¢s largest health risk and it continues to threaten the quality of life and the public health in the United States. The first problem is that people don’t know how important having clean water is until it’s no longer easily accessible for them. When people become more informed about the problems that we are facing and will face very soon as a society. We can take certain steps to try to prevent it and to ensure our quality of life not only stays the same, but improves. Little can be accomplished by one, but if we work together and try to  conserve and keep our water clean, it can last much longer. The objective of this experiment is relatively simple, to educate on how much we affect our environment by the actions we take and what we can do to improve our habits to ensure that our water supply will last much longer and have good quality. It also has the purpose to let people know that their actions don’t just affect them or only the people that they live around; it also affects the environment and the animals that inhabit it. During the experiment of the Water Quality and Contamination my hypothesis were; The Oil hypothesis was that if there is oil in the surface water then, I think when the water is passed through soil it will be able to filter out the oil before it reaches the groundwater. The hypothesis for the vinegar hypothesis was if there is vinegar in the surface water then, I think that when passed through soil it will still remai n in the groundwater. My laundry detergent hypothesis was if there is laundry detergent in the surface water then, when it is passed through soil it will still have traces of laundry detergent in the groundwater. The next experiment’s hypothesis was that using particular chemicals and methods of filtration, we should be able to remove most of the contaminates that are in the groundwater. This was the experiment that involved different methods of Water Treatment. The final experiment pertained to the drinking water quality and my hypothesis was that tap water will contain the most contaminates because of its path and unknown condition. The bottles of water are in a more sterile environment. The Dasani water is treated and Fiji comes from a natural spring. The treated water (Dasani) will have the least amount of contaminates. Materials and Methods The first experiment that was conducted used soil, different beakers, wooden stir sticks, vegetable oil, vinegar, liquid laundry detergent, water, cheesecloth and funnels. I poured water into each of the first 4 beakers, and then put vegetable oil, vinegar and laundry detergent in respectively. I stirred them with the wooden stir sticks and used the cheesecloth to line the funnel and put soil in and poured each of the different contaminates through, replacing the soil and cheesecloth each time. The second experiment involved beakers, soil, cylinders, sand, charcoal, gravel, wooden stir stick, alum, funnel, cheesecloth, bleach, stopwatch and water. I added  soil to a beaker and put water with the soil and mixed them with two beakers 15 times. I divvied some on the contaminated solution into a new beaker and added alum to it. I stirred the mixture with a wooden stick for 1-2 minutes and then let it sit for 15 minutes. I lined a funnel with cheesecloth and layered sand, charcoal and g ravel into the cheesecloth. I poured the clean tap water through the filter and repeated 4 times. I poured  ¾ of the contaminated water into the funnel and let it filter for 5 minutes. I annotated the smell and compared to the mixture in step 3. I added a few drops of bleach and stirred the combination for 1 minute. I then compared and annotated the now filtered water to the initial contaminated water. The final lab contained Dasani bottled water, Fiji bottled water, Ammonia test stripes, Chloride test strips, 4 in 1 test strip, phosphate test strips, iron test strips, beakers, marker, stopwatch, Parafilm, pipettes, foil packets of reducing powder and tap water. I labeled each of the beakers and poured Dasani, Fiji and tap water in each of the three beakers. I gathered the ammonia test strips and placed in the water and moved them up and down vigorously for 30 seconds each, I held each pad level for 30 seconds to get a reading. I did this 2 more times for each of the beakers. I then retrieved the chloride tes t strips and immersed the reaction zones in each of the three beakers one at a time for 1 second each. I shook off the excess liquid and determined what color the test strip was. I then used the 4 in 1 test strip and dipped in each of the beakers again, one at a time, for 5 seconds and wiggled back and forth. I briskly removed the excess water and waited 20 seconds to read the results. I then used the phosphate test strip by dipping in each of the beakers signally for 5 seconds and then removed and held horizontal for 45 seconds, leaving the excess water on the test strip and recorded the results. Finally, I used the Iron test strip and removed 70 ml of water from each beaker and tested 30 ml of each of the three beakers. I added one foil packet and covered with parafilm and shook the beaker for 15 seconds. I removed and dipped the test pad into the sample and moved it back and forth under the water for 5 seconds. I removed and shook the excess water off and tested and compared 10 seconds later.

Identify and Evaluate Marketing Opportunities

STUDENT ASSESSMENT GUIDE Unit of competency name| Identify and evaluate marketing opportunities| Unit of competency number| BSBMKG501B| Unit Purpose On successful completion of this unit you should be able to actively seek out and assess marketing opportunities in terms of viability and suitability to the organisation. You should also be able to turn the assessed marketing opportunities into reality – by scoping the implementation process and getting buy in from management and other key stakeholders for your opportunity. Specifically, you will be able to:Identify marketing opportunities Investigate marketing opportunities Evaluate required changes to current operations Reporting of assessment outcomes Your result will be recorded and reported to you as Distinction or Credit or Competent or Not yet Competent. If you are doing this unit in a course which is graded (Pass, Credit or Distinction) and this is one of the units which contribute to the course grade, your result in this unit will be assigned a nominal mark which will be used to calculate your course grade. Requirements to successfully complete this unit of competency IntroductionAssessment is a process that will require you to provide evidence that you have achieved the knowledge and skills required in this unit of competency. Successful completion of this unit is based on the assessment of your demonstrated competence in a workplace or simulated workplace environment. How do you complete this unit? You can complete this unit by demonstrating competence. To do this you must provide evidence that you can: Prepare a written report which identifies, evaluates and ranks a number of Marketing Opportunities Prepare an opportunity scope document that clearly describes the proposed execution of the marketing opportunitySynthesise the scope, viability, risks and forecast outcomes of the proposed marketing opportunity into a persuasive presentation to gain â€Å"buy-in† for the marketing opportunity What evidence will you be asked to supply? You may be requested to: 1. Identify and Evaluate Marketing Opportunities and submit a Written Report Identify and evaluate marketing opportunities. Conduct a SWOT analysis and identify four (4) marketing opportunities. Evaluate each of the four identified opportunities using a range of metrics – for example financial measures; marketing measures; customer impact methods – and competitor response analysis.Rank the marketing opportunities and identify the key opportunity. (This marketing opportunity will be explored further in the next task) 2. Write a Scope Document and Plan the execution of a marketing opportunity This would include: establishing the marketing opportunity objective, analysing and assessing organizational preparedness; designing a marketing opportunity implementation schedule; establishing a financial analysis, projections and forecasted results for the marketing opportunity; designing suitable marketing contr ols; establish a clear understanding to the key isks involved in the marketing opportunity and the strategies for managing these risks 3. Provide a persuasive Marketing Opportunity Presentation Present your marketing opportunity. This would include synthesizing your marketing opportunity framework into communicable pieces, where you would impart objectives and expected outcomes; define the risks; clarify changes that will need to be made and communicate the viability of making changes to current operations. Your peers should act as â€Å"managers and key stakeholders† providing feedback on the presentation of your marketing opportunity.Your teacher will advise you of the specific assessment requirements for this unit. This is a graded unit. To receive a PASS grade you must: Identify several marketing opportunities using a SWOT analysis Analyse and then evaluate marketing opportunities using one marketing and one financial measure Prioritise marketing opportunities – ra nk marketing opportunities and identify key opportunities. Establish a clear understanding of the key risks involved in the marketing opportunity and the strategies for managing these risks.Scope and plan the execution of one marketing opportunity Prepare a good quality written report and scope document Present your marketing opportunity to your peers To receive a CREDIT grade you must: Meet all the criteria of a pass grade Identify marketing opportunities using a greater number of sources and areas of growth eg international growth Apply entrepreneurial and creative thinking frameworks to the identification of opportunities Use a more extensive number of evaluation methods – including finance, marketing, customer and risk method.Demonstrate advanced skills in prioritising the various opportunities. Demonstrate a clear understanding of the concept of risk and how it applies to the evaluation of opportunity Prepare a professional quality written report and scope document Provi de a professional quality presentation which demonstrates high level presentation techniques and is accompanied by visual/audio aids. Address audience questions and garner feedback from peers in regard to the presentation of the opportunity To receive a DISTINCTION grade you must: Meet all the criteria of a credit gradeDemonstrate an advanced ability to plan, organise and control market opportunity analysis, evaluation and scoping Produce clearly superior identification and evaluation of opportunities Draw on an immense number of sources and areas of growth to support market opportunity identification Clearly show an application of and understanding of entrepreneurial and creative thinking frameworks and how they should be applied to the identification of marketing opportunities Evaluate every opportunity using a range of methods – finance, marketing, customer and risk methods.Present reports of desk-top publishing quality with complete audio/visual support for presentation. Respond to peer feedback in a professional and detailed manner What you will need Your teacher will advise you of any resources, including text books, which you will require for this unit. More about assessment For information about assessment in TAFE please see â€Å"Every Student's Guide to Assessment in TAFE NSW† which is available on the TAFE internet site at: http://www. tafensw. edu. au/courses/about/assessment_guide. htm Additional details for local assessment arrangements

Waste management

Each of us will throw a lot of waste every day; you know where all the wastewent? Most of the waste will get sanitary landfill, incineration, composting and other sound processing in some areas with better waste management, while most places Just easy piled or landfill, this cause odour spread, soil and underground water get polluted. peopleare not only Just consuming a lot of resources, mass production, mass consumption of land, but also produced a lot of waste; this consequences will be unimaginable.This essay will demonstrate the definition of waste; waste lassification, recycling, processing and some other additional materials about waste power generation. Introduction Earth is our home, which provides us with the necessary environment and space for living; but with the rapid development of social economy and the urban population of highly concentrated, the output of waste is gradually increasing, our home is surrounded by garbage from day to day. In densely populated cities, was te disposal is a vexing problem.Common practice is collected and sent to landfills, or use incinerators; but both would create environmental problems, and excessive onsumption can further reduce termination landfills saturation level. Improper waste disposal in landfills can contaminate groundwater and odour, and many cities have been available for less and less landfill area. Produce poisonous gas, harmful organisms is inevitable forlncineration. Most of the cities are studying ways to reduce waste, and encourage recycling. Research Methodology Library Research: 1. Recording notes. 2. Content analysis. . Collect the needed information. Field Research: 1. Personal interview. 2. Groupmeeting. 3. Telephone survey. 4. Case study. The definition of waste Waste is also known as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, Junk and litter; which refer to unwanted or useless solid, fluid substance. Merriam-Websterdefineswaste is the trash from places of human or animal residence; The World Book Dictio nary also say that waste is the useless or worthless material, stuff to be discarded. Unfortunately, these two definitions reflect a common attitude that does not admit waste as a resource.Nevertheless, Zero Waste America defines waste as â€Å"a resource that is not safely recycled back into the environment or the marketplace. † This definition onsiders the value of waste as a resource, as well as the threat of unsafe recycling ‘wasting' actually does not exist in nature, they are human inventions due to human behaviour. ln nature, everything has a purpose. Waste was created by humans for short-term convenience and short-term profit. Meanwhile, this leads to long-term harmful consequences for humans, nature, and the economy.Waste classification, recycling and processing Waste classification means according to different composition, properties, use value of waste as well as the impact on the environment, andthe requirements of different isposal methods, divided into a n umber of different types of properties. lts purpose is to bring convenience for resource recovery and subsequent disposal. The meaning of the classification of waste People are faced with the situation of the growing waste production and environmental deterioration.How to through the waste classification managementto maximize waste resource utilization, reduce the amount of garbage disposaland improve the living quality of the environment is currently the world's pressing problems of common concern. Waste classification is the reform of the traditional ay to garbage collection disposed; it is aneffectivescientific management methodfor waste disposal. Waste classification is put waste classificationat source, and through the classification of the pickup and recycled back into a resource. The benefit of waste classification is obvious.After being classification, waste was sent to a factory instead of landfills, not only save the land, but also avoids the pollution produced by landfill or burned. Waste classification Recyclable waste They are mainly five categories which include waste paper, plastic, glass, metal, and cloth. Waste Paper: mainly includes newspapers, periodicals, books, all kinds of wrapping paper and so on; But should pay attention to paper towels and toilet paper because of their water soluble is too strong, cannot be recycled. Plastic: plastic waste containers, plastic packaging and other plastic products.Such as various plastic bags, plastic bottles, foam, disposable plastic lunch boxes cutlery, hard plastic and so on. Glass: mainly includes all kinds of glass bottles, pieces of broken glass, mirror, light bulb debris, and thermos bottle, etc. Metal: mainly includes cans, cans and so on. Fabric: mainly includes the abandoned clothes, tablecloths, towels, bags, shoes and so on. Kitchen waste Kitchen waste is refers to catering units, enterprises, institutions, schools, canteens and other food scrapswaste, commonly known as swillor pigwash.The ma in component of kitchen waste are starch, food fibre, animal fats and other organic substances; it have a high moisture content, fat, high salt content, perishable smelly fermentation characteristics. Hazardous waste Toxic and hazardous waste refers to the solids that could be harmful to human body ealth or toxic substances or cause real harm to the environment or potential hazards wastes. Including batteries, fluorescent tubes, light bulbs, mercury thermometers, paint bucket, home appliances, expired drugs, expired cosmetics.If the battery is burned, after the blast will be killing hundreds of people; Fluorescent tubes and bulbs are Just like the battery, radiation is also large; Mercury is more landfilling. Other rubbish Includingin addition to the above-mentioned categoriesgarbage, such as ceramictile, muck, toilet waste paper, paper towels and other difficult to recycle waste, usually ased on the characteristics and take the way of burning or burying garbage processing. Waste ma terials by kind, composition and sources.Kind Composition Sources Garbage Wastes from preparation, cooking, and serving of food; market wastes; wastes from handling, storage, and sale of produce Households, restaurants, institutions, stores, markets Rubbish Flammable: paper, cartons, boxes, barrels, wood, tree branches, yard trimmings, wood furniture, bedding, dunnage Inflammable: metals, tin cans, metal furniture, dirt, glass, crockery, minerals Ashes Residue from fires used for cooking and heating and from on-site burningStreet refuse Sweepings, dirt, leaves, catch basin dirt, contents of litter receptacles Streets, sidewalks, alleys, vacant lots Dead animals Cats, dogs, horses, cows Abandoned vehicles Unwanted cars and trucks left on public property Industrial wastes Food-processing wastes, boiler house cinders, lumber scraps, metal scraps. havings Factories, power plants Demolition wastes Lumber, pipes, brick, masonry, and other construction materials from razed buildings and ot her structures Demolition sites to be used for new buildings, renewal projects, expressways Construction wastes Scrap lumber, pipe, ther construction materials New construction, remodelling Special wastes Hazardous solids and liquids; explosives, pathological wastes, radioactive materials Households, hotels, hospitals, institutions, stores, industry Sewage treatment residue Solids from coarse screening and from grit chambers; septic tank sludge Sewage treatment plants; septic tanks Waste recycling and processing In the process of urbanization, the waste was once the burden of city development as the product of urban metabolism; many cities in the world have been besieged by garbage before. In now days, waste is considered to be the most potential, inexhaustible†urban mines† for development; it is the â€Å"misplaced resources†.Waste all have the corresponding recycling technology, make it can be used as â€Å"secondary sources† into the new production cycle , thus reducing resource consumption and environmental pollution. This is not only the in-depth and deep understanding of the waste, but also is the inevitable requirement of urban development. General city processed into organic compound fertilizer and used for landscaping or agricultural fertilizer in organic waste processing factory. 2. Dry waste (inorganic waste): further refined classified as waste paper, waste plastic, glass, scrap metal and other recyclable componentsin the garbage sorting centre, and then recycling plant for recyclingby thecorresponding. 3.Hazardous waste: recyclable materialssent to recycling after sorting in the hazardous waste sorting disposal station and the residue are safely landfill or incineration. Currently, there are several ways of waste disposal: 1. Landfill Method: Fill trash in the pit that has been ready for, make it automaticallyhappen biological, physical and chemical changes, decomposition of rganic matter, to achieve reduction and harmless purposes; but for a long time, most cities are carried out with open dumps and natural filling ditch without any protection. This leads to a lot of rubbish sewage from the surface into the ground and cause serious pollution of groundwater sources and the urban environment. Therefore this waste disposal method has gradually been eliminated. 2.Incineration method: incineration method is to put thegarbage into high temperature furnace; make one full oxidation of combustible ingredients; the heat that generated can be used for power generation and heating. The biggest shortcoming of this method is generatedof dioxin gas during the incineration; thereforefor achieving environmental protection, Therefore only on the incineration of toxic and harmful gases through a series of processing,this method can realize environmental protection. 3. Composting Method: piles of garbage accumulation, heat up to 70 C, storage, fermentation, with the ability of microbial decomposition in garbage, to dec ompose organic matter into inorganic nutrients.After composting treatment, garbage becomes hygienic, odourless humus. Not only way to solve the garbage, but lso to achieve the purpose of the resource; but the large amount of solid waste composting, nutrient content is low, long-term use could easily lead to soil compaction and deterioration of groundwater quality, so the scale is not easy to compost too. 4. Treatment resources: Careful classification of urban living garbage, Then according to the different nature of classified garbage after respectively adopt appropriate methods to deal with, make all the different types of waste can be utilized, thus to be truly achievereduction, harmless and resource of waste. Waste power generationFrom the 1970s onwards, some developed countries have started to use the heat generated by burning garbage to generate electricity. Some country in Europe built a garbage power plant, a U. S. garbage power plant generating capacity up to 100 MW, process ing 600 thousand tons of garbage per day. Now, garbage power plant in Germany is spendinga huge sum of money from abroad to buy rubbish every year. According to statistics, currently there are nearly a thousand types of waste disposal plant; all kinds of garbage utilization facility will be increased to 3000 or more in hree years. Scientists measure that the garbage in the secondary energy, such as organic fuelcontains high calorific value, the heat of burning 2 tons of wasteequivalent to about 1 tons of coal.Confrontingproblem The reason that why waste power generation is developing slowly Is mainly due to the combustionpower generation, which cannot be effectively solve for a long time. Japan has been promoting a super waste power generation technology, by using new gas furnace; rose the furnace temperature to 500 ‘C, increase the power generation fficiency from 10% in the pastto around 25%, reduced toxic emissions to less than 0. 5%, below the international standard; But, o f course, the cost of waste power generation is still higher than the traditional thermal power. Some experts believe that withthe technology development inwaste collection, handling, transport, utilization and other aspects, waste power generation is likely to become one of the most economical power generation technologies.From the long-term benefits and the comprehensive index, it will be superior to the traditional electric power production. Conclusion In conclusion, waste is a common issue; this can lead to health problems and destruction of natural resources. If people do not attach importance to waste classification and recycling, not only for our present life will be affected, but also for our future generations. This is not Just a country, an organization, an individual's responsibility, but the responsibility of all mankind. lf when each person throwing garbage can be a little more environmental awareness, we could effectively increase the waste comprehensive utilization, S o that the whole society will be able to less affect by waste problems. Waste Management Introduction: Rapid urbanisation and industrial diversification has led to generation of considerable amount of municipal, plastic, hazardous and biomedical waste. Improper disposal of wastes often leads to spread of diseases and contamination of water bodies and soil. The impact of these wastes cannot be ignored and managing them has become a major problem. The objective and scope of this research project: In this project we have tried to gain an insight on the term waste management. The objective of the project was to seek an overview of waste management in large cities especially in supermarkets and predominantly the waste disposal system of large fast food outlets in Bangalore. The scope was (due to time constraint) limited to two major food chains. We have as an initial investigation tried to bring out the very nature of major sources of waste in our cities, the present waste disposal system in Bangalore and measures to effectively dispose off the waste generated in supermarkets. Municipal solid waste: On an average 40-50% of the total municipal waste is generated in the six municipal corporations of Karnataka and more than 70 percent of municipal waste is generated in the residential and market areas. The domestic waste generated by the households comprises mainly of organic, plastic and paper waste. Problems of municipal solid waste: The major problems of municipal solid waste are: †¢Collection and storage of waste. Mixing and segregation of waste. †¢Transportation of waste. †¢Indiscriminate burning of waste †¢Illegal disposal of waste. 1. Collection and storage of waste: waste collection and disposal lies at the core of municipal waste management. Waste management happens to be the major source of expenditure in municipal budgets. Failure to effectively manage waste generated in the cities leads to overflowing bins and foul odour in the city streets. It also poses as a potential threat to the hygiene and health of the public. 2. Mixing and segregation of waste: with no clear instruction and procedures to the contrary the household waste generated are very heterogeneous in nature due to no or very limited segregation of waste during disposal process. It also is witnessed in industrial wastes. Where lack of government regulation leads to uncontrolled disposal without proper segregation. 3. Transportation of waste: the rapid expansion of cities coupled with high population growth rates and limited control on procedures to dispose municipal wastes resulted in mismatch on guidelines and actual waste transport. The transporters of municipal wastes are normally private contractors who with the aim of profit maximisation tend to dispose waste in the nearest vacant plots just on the outskirts of the city. Though dumping zones have been identified around the city yet the transporters often resort to dumping on plots near main roads leading to the city. 4. Indiscriminate burning of wastes: often as discussed above the transporters do not dump the wastes on designated land fills earmarked by municiapal bodies but on the roads leading to the cities or vacant plots on the outskirts of the city they also resort to burning of wastes to reduce the heap for future dumping. As the waste dumped are unsorted and contain many hazardous substances eg plastics bottles and polythene bags. The gas generated are toxic in nature and a common sight are the rag pickers who roam around such dump sites to collect materials of some worth. They are effected by the smoke and the gas generated. 5. Illegal disposal of waste: in absence of strict guidelines and enforcement of proper disposal of wastes in major cities in India the transporters mainly the private contractors resort to dumping of wastes in vacant plots instead of disposing them to proper dumping sites. This results over a period of time a major ecological threat. E. g a recent study found that in Bangalore around 600 Tons of municipal wastes are illegally dumped on vacant plots on daily basis. Waste Management The Securities and Exchange Commission has filed suit against the founder and five other former top officers of Waste Management Inc. for massive fraud. The complaint charges the defendants with inflating profits to meet earnings targets. The officers named in the complaint include the following: * The CEO, who set earnings targets, fostered a culture of fraudulent accounting, personally directed certain of the accounting changes to make the targeted earnings, and was the spokesperson who announced the company's phony numbers. The CFO, who ordered the destruction of damaging evidence, misled the company's audit committee and internal accountants, and withheld information from the outside auditors. * The corporate controller, who devised many â€Å"one-off† accounting manipulations to deliver the targeted earnings and carefully crafted the deceptive disclosures. * The general counsel, who blessed the company's fraudulent disclosures. In brief, the complaint says the company's revenues were not growing fast enough to meet its earnings targets, so the defendants instead resorted to improperly eliminating and deferring current period expenses. Specific tactics: * Avoiding depreciation expenses on their garbage trucks by both assigning unsupported and inflated salvage values and extending their useful lives. * Assigning arbitrary salvage values to other assets that previously had no salvage value. * Failing to record expenses for decreases in the value of landfills as they were filled with waste. * Refusing to record expenses necessary to write off the costs of unsuccessful and abandoned landfill development projects. Establishing inflated environmental reserves (liabilities) in connection with acquisitions so that the excess reserves could be used to avoid recording unrelated operating expenses. * Improperly capitalizing a variety of expenses, and failing to establish sufficient reserves (liabilities) to pay for income taxes and other expenses. The SEC says Andersen, the company’s auditor, identified the improper accounting practices, quantified much of the impact, and annually presented company management with a set of â€Å"Proposed Adjusting Journal Entries. Instead of making the adjustments, management signed off on a â€Å"Summary of Action Steps† that the SEC says included steps designed to write off the accumulated errors and to change the underlying accounting practices in future periods The company had augmented the depreciation time length for their property, plant, and equipment, artificially inflating the company's after-tax profits by US$1. 7 billion. Waste Management paid US$457 million to settle a shareholder class-action suit. The SEC fined Waste Management's independent auditor, Arthur Andersen, US$7 million for their role. Waste management Each of us will throw a lot of waste every day; you know where all the wastewent? Most of the waste will get sanitary landfill, incineration, composting and other sound processing in some areas with better waste management, while most places Just easy piled or landfill, this cause odour spread, soil and underground water get polluted. peopleare not only Just consuming a lot of resources, mass production, mass consumption of land, but also produced a lot of waste; this consequences will be unimaginable.This essay will demonstrate the definition of waste; waste lassification, recycling, processing and some other additional materials about waste power generation. Introduction Earth is our home, which provides us with the necessary environment and space for living; but with the rapid development of social economy and the urban population of highly concentrated, the output of waste is gradually increasing, our home is surrounded by garbage from day to day. In densely populated cities, was te disposal is a vexing problem.Common practice is collected and sent to landfills, or use incinerators; but both would create environmental problems, and excessive onsumption can further reduce termination landfills saturation level. Improper waste disposal in landfills can contaminate groundwater and odour, and many cities have been available for less and less landfill area. Produce poisonous gas, harmful organisms is inevitable forlncineration. Most of the cities are studying ways to reduce waste, and encourage recycling. Research Methodology Library Research: 1. Recording notes. 2. Content analysis. . Collect the needed information. Field Research: 1. Personal interview. 2. Groupmeeting. 3. Telephone survey. 4. Case study. The definition of waste Waste is also known as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, Junk and litter; which refer to unwanted or useless solid, fluid substance. Merriam-Websterdefineswaste is the trash from places of human or animal residence; The World Book Dictio nary also say that waste is the useless or worthless material, stuff to be discarded. Unfortunately, these two definitions reflect a common attitude that does not admit waste as a resource.Nevertheless, Zero Waste America defines waste as â€Å"a resource that is not safely recycled back into the environment or the marketplace. † This definition onsiders the value of waste as a resource, as well as the threat of unsafe recycling ‘wasting' actually does not exist in nature, they are human inventions due to human behaviour. ln nature, everything has a purpose. Waste was created by humans for short-term convenience and short-term profit. Meanwhile, this leads to long-term harmful consequences for humans, nature, and the economy.Waste classification, recycling and processing Waste classification means according to different composition, properties, use value of waste as well as the impact on the environment, andthe requirements of different isposal methods, divided into a n umber of different types of properties. lts purpose is to bring convenience for resource recovery and subsequent disposal. The meaning of the classification of waste People are faced with the situation of the growing waste production and environmental deterioration.How to through the waste classification managementto maximize waste resource utilization, reduce the amount of garbage disposaland improve the living quality of the environment is currently the world's pressing problems of common concern. Waste classification is the reform of the traditional ay to garbage collection disposed; it is aneffectivescientific management methodfor waste disposal. Waste classification is put waste classificationat source, and through the classification of the pickup and recycled back into a resource. The benefit of waste classification is obvious.After being classification, waste was sent to a factory instead of landfills, not only save the land, but also avoids the pollution produced by landfill or burned. Waste classification Recyclable waste They are mainly five categories which include waste paper, plastic, glass, metal, and cloth. Waste Paper: mainly includes newspapers, periodicals, books, all kinds of wrapping paper and so on; But should pay attention to paper towels and toilet paper because of their water soluble is too strong, cannot be recycled. Plastic: plastic waste containers, plastic packaging and other plastic products.Such as various plastic bags, plastic bottles, foam, disposable plastic lunch boxes cutlery, hard plastic and so on. Glass: mainly includes all kinds of glass bottles, pieces of broken glass, mirror, light bulb debris, and thermos bottle, etc. Metal: mainly includes cans, cans and so on. Fabric: mainly includes the abandoned clothes, tablecloths, towels, bags, shoes and so on. Kitchen waste Kitchen waste is refers to catering units, enterprises, institutions, schools, canteens and other food scrapswaste, commonly known as swillor pigwash.The ma in component of kitchen waste are starch, food fibre, animal fats and other organic substances; it have a high moisture content, fat, high salt content, perishable smelly fermentation characteristics. Hazardous waste Toxic and hazardous waste refers to the solids that could be harmful to human body ealth or toxic substances or cause real harm to the environment or potential hazards wastes. Including batteries, fluorescent tubes, light bulbs, mercury thermometers, paint bucket, home appliances, expired drugs, expired cosmetics.If the battery is burned, after the blast will be killing hundreds of people; Fluorescent tubes and bulbs are Just like the battery, radiation is also large; Mercury is more landfilling. Other rubbish Includingin addition to the above-mentioned categoriesgarbage, such as ceramictile, muck, toilet waste paper, paper towels and other difficult to recycle waste, usually ased on the characteristics and take the way of burning or burying garbage processing. Waste ma terials by kind, composition and sources.Kind Composition Sources Garbage Wastes from preparation, cooking, and serving of food; market wastes; wastes from handling, storage, and sale of produce Households, restaurants, institutions, stores, markets Rubbish Flammable: paper, cartons, boxes, barrels, wood, tree branches, yard trimmings, wood furniture, bedding, dunnage Inflammable: metals, tin cans, metal furniture, dirt, glass, crockery, minerals Ashes Residue from fires used for cooking and heating and from on-site burningStreet refuse Sweepings, dirt, leaves, catch basin dirt, contents of litter receptacles Streets, sidewalks, alleys, vacant lots Dead animals Cats, dogs, horses, cows Abandoned vehicles Unwanted cars and trucks left on public property Industrial wastes Food-processing wastes, boiler house cinders, lumber scraps, metal scraps. havings Factories, power plants Demolition wastes Lumber, pipes, brick, masonry, and other construction materials from razed buildings and ot her structures Demolition sites to be used for new buildings, renewal projects, expressways Construction wastes Scrap lumber, pipe, ther construction materials New construction, remodelling Special wastes Hazardous solids and liquids; explosives, pathological wastes, radioactive materials Households, hotels, hospitals, institutions, stores, industry Sewage treatment residue Solids from coarse screening and from grit chambers; septic tank sludge Sewage treatment plants; septic tanks Waste recycling and processing In the process of urbanization, the waste was once the burden of city development as the product of urban metabolism; many cities in the world have been besieged by garbage before. In now days, waste is considered to be the most potential, inexhaustible†urban mines† for development; it is the â€Å"misplaced resources†.Waste all have the corresponding recycling technology, make it can be used as â€Å"secondary sources† into the new production cycle , thus reducing resource consumption and environmental pollution. This is not only the in-depth and deep understanding of the waste, but also is the inevitable requirement of urban development. General city processed into organic compound fertilizer and used for landscaping or agricultural fertilizer in organic waste processing factory. 2. Dry waste (inorganic waste): further refined classified as waste paper, waste plastic, glass, scrap metal and other recyclable componentsin the garbage sorting centre, and then recycling plant for recyclingby thecorresponding. 3.Hazardous waste: recyclable materialssent to recycling after sorting in the hazardous waste sorting disposal station and the residue are safely landfill or incineration. Currently, there are several ways of waste disposal: 1. Landfill Method: Fill trash in the pit that has been ready for, make it automaticallyhappen biological, physical and chemical changes, decomposition of rganic matter, to achieve reduction and harmless purposes; but for a long time, most cities are carried out with open dumps and natural filling ditch without any protection. This leads to a lot of rubbish sewage from the surface into the ground and cause serious pollution of groundwater sources and the urban environment. Therefore this waste disposal method has gradually been eliminated. 2.Incineration method: incineration method is to put thegarbage into high temperature furnace; make one full oxidation of combustible ingredients; the heat that generated can be used for power generation and heating. The biggest shortcoming of this method is generatedof dioxin gas during the incineration; thereforefor achieving environmental protection, Therefore only on the incineration of toxic and harmful gases through a series of processing,this method can realize environmental protection. 3. Composting Method: piles of garbage accumulation, heat up to 70 C, storage, fermentation, with the ability of microbial decomposition in garbage, to dec ompose organic matter into inorganic nutrients.After composting treatment, garbage becomes hygienic, odourless humus. Not only way to solve the garbage, but lso to achieve the purpose of the resource; but the large amount of solid waste composting, nutrient content is low, long-term use could easily lead to soil compaction and deterioration of groundwater quality, so the scale is not easy to compost too. 4. Treatment resources: Careful classification of urban living garbage, Then according to the different nature of classified garbage after respectively adopt appropriate methods to deal with, make all the different types of waste can be utilized, thus to be truly achievereduction, harmless and resource of waste. Waste power generationFrom the 1970s onwards, some developed countries have started to use the heat generated by burning garbage to generate electricity. Some country in Europe built a garbage power plant, a U. S. garbage power plant generating capacity up to 100 MW, process ing 600 thousand tons of garbage per day. Now, garbage power plant in Germany is spendinga huge sum of money from abroad to buy rubbish every year. According to statistics, currently there are nearly a thousand types of waste disposal plant; all kinds of garbage utilization facility will be increased to 3000 or more in hree years. Scientists measure that the garbage in the secondary energy, such as organic fuelcontains high calorific value, the heat of burning 2 tons of wasteequivalent to about 1 tons of coal.Confrontingproblem The reason that why waste power generation is developing slowly Is mainly due to the combustionpower generation, which cannot be effectively solve for a long time. Japan has been promoting a super waste power generation technology, by using new gas furnace; rose the furnace temperature to 500 ‘C, increase the power generation fficiency from 10% in the pastto around 25%, reduced toxic emissions to less than 0. 5%, below the international standard; But, o f course, the cost of waste power generation is still higher than the traditional thermal power. Some experts believe that withthe technology development inwaste collection, handling, transport, utilization and other aspects, waste power generation is likely to become one of the most economical power generation technologies.From the long-term benefits and the comprehensive index, it will be superior to the traditional electric power production. Conclusion In conclusion, waste is a common issue; this can lead to health problems and destruction of natural resources. If people do not attach importance to waste classification and recycling, not only for our present life will be affected, but also for our future generations. This is not Just a country, an organization, an individual's responsibility, but the responsibility of all mankind. lf when each person throwing garbage can be a little more environmental awareness, we could effectively increase the waste comprehensive utilization, S o that the whole society will be able to less affect by waste problems. Waste management Each of us will throw a lot of waste every day; you know where all the wastewent? Most of the waste will get sanitary landfill, incineration, composting and other sound processing in some areas with better waste management, while most places Just easy piled or landfill, this cause odour spread, soil and underground water get polluted. peopleare not only Just consuming a lot of resources, mass production, mass consumption of land, but also produced a lot of waste; this consequences will be unimaginable.This essay will demonstrate the definition of waste; waste lassification, recycling, processing and some other additional materials about waste power generation. Introduction Earth is our home, which provides us with the necessary environment and space for living; but with the rapid development of social economy and the urban population of highly concentrated, the output of waste is gradually increasing, our home is surrounded by garbage from day to day. In densely populated cities, was te disposal is a vexing problem.Common practice is collected and sent to landfills, or use incinerators; but both would create environmental problems, and excessive onsumption can further reduce termination landfills saturation level. Improper waste disposal in landfills can contaminate groundwater and odour, and many cities have been available for less and less landfill area. Produce poisonous gas, harmful organisms is inevitable forlncineration. Most of the cities are studying ways to reduce waste, and encourage recycling. Research Methodology Library Research: 1. Recording notes. 2. Content analysis. . Collect the needed information. Field Research: 1. Personal interview. 2. Groupmeeting. 3. Telephone survey. 4. Case study. The definition of waste Waste is also known as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, Junk and litter; which refer to unwanted or useless solid, fluid substance. Merriam-Websterdefineswaste is the trash from places of human or animal residence; The World Book Dictio nary also say that waste is the useless or worthless material, stuff to be discarded. Unfortunately, these two definitions reflect a common attitude that does not admit waste as a resource.Nevertheless, Zero Waste America defines waste as â€Å"a resource that is not safely recycled back into the environment or the marketplace. † This definition onsiders the value of waste as a resource, as well as the threat of unsafe recycling ‘wasting' actually does not exist in nature, they are human inventions due to human behaviour. ln nature, everything has a purpose. Waste was created by humans for short-term convenience and short-term profit. Meanwhile, this leads to long-term harmful consequences for humans, nature, and the economy.Waste classification, recycling and processing Waste classification means according to different composition, properties, use value of waste as well as the impact on the environment, andthe requirements of different isposal methods, divided into a n umber of different types of properties. lts purpose is to bring convenience for resource recovery and subsequent disposal. The meaning of the classification of waste People are faced with the situation of the growing waste production and environmental deterioration.How to through the waste classification managementto maximize waste resource utilization, reduce the amount of garbage disposaland improve the living quality of the environment is currently the world's pressing problems of common concern. Waste classification is the reform of the traditional ay to garbage collection disposed; it is aneffectivescientific management methodfor waste disposal. Waste classification is put waste classificationat source, and through the classification of the pickup and recycled back into a resource. The benefit of waste classification is obvious.After being classification, waste was sent to a factory instead of landfills, not only save the land, but also avoids the pollution produced by landfill or burned. Waste classification Recyclable waste They are mainly five categories which include waste paper, plastic, glass, metal, and cloth. Waste Paper: mainly includes newspapers, periodicals, books, all kinds of wrapping paper and so on; But should pay attention to paper towels and toilet paper because of their water soluble is too strong, cannot be recycled. Plastic: plastic waste containers, plastic packaging and other plastic products.Such as various plastic bags, plastic bottles, foam, disposable plastic lunch boxes cutlery, hard plastic and so on. Glass: mainly includes all kinds of glass bottles, pieces of broken glass, mirror, light bulb debris, and thermos bottle, etc. Metal: mainly includes cans, cans and so on. Fabric: mainly includes the abandoned clothes, tablecloths, towels, bags, shoes and so on. Kitchen waste Kitchen waste is refers to catering units, enterprises, institutions, schools, canteens and other food scrapswaste, commonly known as swillor pigwash.The ma in component of kitchen waste are starch, food fibre, animal fats and other organic substances; it have a high moisture content, fat, high salt content, perishable smelly fermentation characteristics. Hazardous waste Toxic and hazardous waste refers to the solids that could be harmful to human body ealth or toxic substances or cause real harm to the environment or potential hazards wastes. Including batteries, fluorescent tubes, light bulbs, mercury thermometers, paint bucket, home appliances, expired drugs, expired cosmetics.If the battery is burned, after the blast will be killing hundreds of people; Fluorescent tubes and bulbs are Just like the battery, radiation is also large; Mercury is more landfilling. Other rubbish Includingin addition to the above-mentioned categoriesgarbage, such as ceramictile, muck, toilet waste paper, paper towels and other difficult to recycle waste, usually ased on the characteristics and take the way of burning or burying garbage processing. Waste ma terials by kind, composition and sources.Kind Composition Sources Garbage Wastes from preparation, cooking, and serving of food; market wastes; wastes from handling, storage, and sale of produce Households, restaurants, institutions, stores, markets Rubbish Flammable: paper, cartons, boxes, barrels, wood, tree branches, yard trimmings, wood furniture, bedding, dunnage Inflammable: metals, tin cans, metal furniture, dirt, glass, crockery, minerals Ashes Residue from fires used for cooking and heating and from on-site burningStreet refuse Sweepings, dirt, leaves, catch basin dirt, contents of litter receptacles Streets, sidewalks, alleys, vacant lots Dead animals Cats, dogs, horses, cows Abandoned vehicles Unwanted cars and trucks left on public property Industrial wastes Food-processing wastes, boiler house cinders, lumber scraps, metal scraps. havings Factories, power plants Demolition wastes Lumber, pipes, brick, masonry, and other construction materials from razed buildings and ot her structures Demolition sites to be used for new buildings, renewal projects, expressways Construction wastes Scrap lumber, pipe, ther construction materials New construction, remodelling Special wastes Hazardous solids and liquids; explosives, pathological wastes, radioactive materials Households, hotels, hospitals, institutions, stores, industry Sewage treatment residue Solids from coarse screening and from grit chambers; septic tank sludge Sewage treatment plants; septic tanks Waste recycling and processing In the process of urbanization, the waste was once the burden of city development as the product of urban metabolism; many cities in the world have been besieged by garbage before. In now days, waste is considered to be the most potential, inexhaustible†urban mines† for development; it is the â€Å"misplaced resources†.Waste all have the corresponding recycling technology, make it can be used as â€Å"secondary sources† into the new production cycle , thus reducing resource consumption and environmental pollution. This is not only the in-depth and deep understanding of the waste, but also is the inevitable requirement of urban development. General city processed into organic compound fertilizer and used for landscaping or agricultural fertilizer in organic waste processing factory. 2. Dry waste (inorganic waste): further refined classified as waste paper, waste plastic, glass, scrap metal and other recyclable componentsin the garbage sorting centre, and then recycling plant for recyclingby thecorresponding. 3.Hazardous waste: recyclable materialssent to recycling after sorting in the hazardous waste sorting disposal station and the residue are safely landfill or incineration. Currently, there are several ways of waste disposal: 1. Landfill Method: Fill trash in the pit that has been ready for, make it automaticallyhappen biological, physical and chemical changes, decomposition of rganic matter, to achieve reduction and harmless purposes; but for a long time, most cities are carried out with open dumps and natural filling ditch without any protection. This leads to a lot of rubbish sewage from the surface into the ground and cause serious pollution of groundwater sources and the urban environment. Therefore this waste disposal method has gradually been eliminated. 2.Incineration method: incineration method is to put thegarbage into high temperature furnace; make one full oxidation of combustible ingredients; the heat that generated can be used for power generation and heating. The biggest shortcoming of this method is generatedof dioxin gas during the incineration; thereforefor achieving environmental protection, Therefore only on the incineration of toxic and harmful gases through a series of processing,this method can realize environmental protection. 3. Composting Method: piles of garbage accumulation, heat up to 70 C, storage, fermentation, with the ability of microbial decomposition in garbage, to dec ompose organic matter into inorganic nutrients.After composting treatment, garbage becomes hygienic, odourless humus. Not only way to solve the garbage, but lso to achieve the purpose of the resource; but the large amount of solid waste composting, nutrient content is low, long-term use could easily lead to soil compaction and deterioration of groundwater quality, so the scale is not easy to compost too. 4. Treatment resources: Careful classification of urban living garbage, Then according to the different nature of classified garbage after respectively adopt appropriate methods to deal with, make all the different types of waste can be utilized, thus to be truly achievereduction, harmless and resource of waste. Waste power generationFrom the 1970s onwards, some developed countries have started to use the heat generated by burning garbage to generate electricity. Some country in Europe built a garbage power plant, a U. S. garbage power plant generating capacity up to 100 MW, process ing 600 thousand tons of garbage per day. Now, garbage power plant in Germany is spendinga huge sum of money from abroad to buy rubbish every year. According to statistics, currently there are nearly a thousand types of waste disposal plant; all kinds of garbage utilization facility will be increased to 3000 or more in hree years. Scientists measure that the garbage in the secondary energy, such as organic fuelcontains high calorific value, the heat of burning 2 tons of wasteequivalent to about 1 tons of coal.Confrontingproblem The reason that why waste power generation is developing slowly Is mainly due to the combustionpower generation, which cannot be effectively solve for a long time. Japan has been promoting a super waste power generation technology, by using new gas furnace; rose the furnace temperature to 500 ‘C, increase the power generation fficiency from 10% in the pastto around 25%, reduced toxic emissions to less than 0. 5%, below the international standard; But, o f course, the cost of waste power generation is still higher than the traditional thermal power. Some experts believe that withthe technology development inwaste collection, handling, transport, utilization and other aspects, waste power generation is likely to become one of the most economical power generation technologies.From the long-term benefits and the comprehensive index, it will be superior to the traditional electric power production. Conclusion In conclusion, waste is a common issue; this can lead to health problems and destruction of natural resources. If people do not attach importance to waste classification and recycling, not only for our present life will be affected, but also for our future generations. This is not Just a country, an organization, an individual's responsibility, but the responsibility of all mankind. lf when each person throwing garbage can be a little more environmental awareness, we could effectively increase the waste comprehensive utilization, S o that the whole society will be able to less affect by waste problems.

Personal and Organization Ethics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Personal and Organization Ethics - Term Paper Example Values. These are the things that are valued by an organization or an individual. We possess these personal values in which we are either conscious or unconscious about them. Famous and successful people have personal values that had guided them in propelling up to the top. These are needed in coming up with a decision, judgment, and contemplating outcome. I should have known my personal values so that I can make a better choice. Commitment, competence, candor and courage are the values which will guide me to become a future manager. Vision Statement. Having personal vision/mission statement allows me to create a life that truly reflects who I am. This statement will propel the direction of my life and ultimately, to make decisions toward success. As human being, I have a purpose in life and this personal vision/mission statement will be the framework in creating my life a powerful one. It is one of the reasons why we exist though it changes rarely (Peterkin, n.d.). With this own vision, I can picture out my true identity in the future, who I want to be, what I want to do and what to feel which will be grounded by my present. My personal vision statement states like this: â€Å"I will become a manager in the organization I belong, helping transform it into an open organization among its members and take charge in succeeding difficult tasks.† Mission Statement. My personal vision will be manifested in my daily life through writing my own mission statement. The uniqueness of my identity and the person I want to be will be reflected in my personal mission statement. To succeed, the statement should be inspiring and project one self. This will be a step to get to my vision in becoming a future manage. My personal mission statement goes like this: â€Å"To value and live in manner that shows respect to those who surrounds me by fostering healthy relationships, taking charge and succeeding in difficult situations. Accordingly, I will do this by expressing

The oppression of women in KINDREDand Identity crises Essay

The oppression of women in KINDREDand Identity crises - Essay Example Although Dana is wise, independent and young, yet she is only recognized by her race by other characters in the novel. That is the fundamental reason why her fate leads her to servitude in the plantation. There, she happens to meet Carrie who makes her realize that she can not change her skin’s color by rubbing Dana’s cheek. Dana has to live with it. Kindred is one of the most bloodiest novels in that there are frequent events of rape, whippings, dog attacks, hangings and similar acts of brutalities. It is noteworthy that most of these forms of brutality are offered to the women in the novel. The novel perfectly conveys how the African American women were threatened and oppressed in the 19th century. Decisions of the women characters in the novel and their personalities are fundamentally influenced by the oppression there are offered by the white men. Quite often, there are events of rape. The white males feel that they own a right as well as a duty to inflict physical abuse upon the women. On the other hand, the black women are quite well aware of the fact that their attempts to escape the plantation would be rewarded with whipping on the least.

Economics of Human Capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economics of Human Capital - Essay Example he justification for this argument was that essentially the amount of available land for production was believed to be limited due to the fact that land cannot grow at the same pace as capital and labor, consequently, land becomes insufficient, and capital and labor in the end become saturated and less efficient and less profitable (Mauro & Fernandez 68). This essay discusses the role of human capital in economic growth. Nevertheless, these early growth framework took in a fourth variable—knowledge, or technological development, that allowed available capital and labor to generate greater yields on specific amounts of land. The rate and extent of transformation of this fourth variable was viewed as exogenous to the framework—knowledge only grew constantly by itself and not as an outcome of investments or capital constituted within the framework. However, examinations of the potential sources of increases in national productivity over time revealed consistently that this inadequately known and non-quantifiable variable-- technological development-- comprised a substantial portion of overall economic development all over the 20th century (Qadri & Waheed 93). Obviously, economists did not accept the assumption that knowledge expanded without help, and hence several adjustments on this framework enable ‘labor’ input to expand not just by increasing work hours and people, but a lso by hypothesizing that the labor force’s human capital could, successfully, expand by means of training and education. This model is quite subjective, and, according to numerous economists, scarcely better than merely considering technological development as a residual variable that provides explanation of the portion of economic progress that cannot be clarified by expansion in physical or human capital (Becker(b) 57). During the 1980s, economists became fascinated with a modeling framework referred to as ‘New Growth Theory’, which viewed the role of growth in technological and

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SUH stage 3 project - Essay Example Moreover, SUH Company manages a very large amount of data. As discussed in previous stages, taking backups of this data is essential. In such complex working arrangement there is a need for a more reliable solution that can be used to take backups of data. So in case of any disaster, it will be easy for SUH Company to secure and recover its precious data. Through the application of proposed backup and recovery solution SUH Company will be able to ensure information systems security in a much better way. SUH Company requires an efficient solution for data backup and recovery that has the potential to secure business operations through much better business management approach. The basic aim of implementing this solution is to achieve following goals: For SUH Company and its two subsidiaries CarbonTech and MyRentals we need a canalized business backup and recovery solution. The proposed system will offer a lot of benefits and capabilities for secure and protect business data and information in all areas of business. The solution that is proposed in scenario of SUH Company is Symantec Backup and Recovery System, Recovery 2010 Business Server Edition. This application offers cost-effective and simple recovery and business data and information server backup solutions. They can be used at Microsoft Windows based Business Servers. In addition, Symantec Backup and Recovery System reduces downtime and avoids disaster with server backup software that simply improves individual data files/folders or the entire Windows systems in minutes, as compared to virtual environments, hardware or remote locations (Symantec Corporation, 2012). For its business structure, SUH Company can also choose Windows based Backup and Recovery System. This system is simple, free and easy to manage. However, this solution is not much effective in ensuring corporate business transaction security and

Management of Working Capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management of Working Capital - Essay Example A discussion relating to working capital cycle, methods of managing working capital, working capital management in UK companies and suggestions for improvement has been presented below. The working capital of the business is defined as the net of current assets over current liabilities. It is an important liquidity measure of the firm. The current assets include not only cash, receivables but also inventories as it can be easily liquidated whereas the current liabilities include short term loans and creditors (University of California, n.d.). A business with scarce working capital faces difficulty in meeting its short term obligations from the available cash resources if there is a sudden or continuous fall in sales. Therefore, it is important to maintain an optimum amount of working capital in the business and it must be carefully monitored by the managers (Nix & McFetridge, n.d.). Working capital forms an important part of a firm’s operations. Maintaining an ideal level of inventory ensures that the firm does not have to face the problem of material deficit in meeting its production targets. Similarly the receivables figure in the balance sheet indicates the willingness of the firm to extend goods on credit. As credit sale is risky the management must be careful in the choice of debtors. Working capital consists of current assets like cash, inventory and current liability like creditors and short term loans. The pattern of all the above components of working capital varies with the business cycle. When there is a fall in the market demand there is a rise in the stock of finished goods. Later when this fall in demand takes the form of recession the firm lowers the stock of inventories, delays the payment of loans and accelerates the realization of receivables. This implies that with the worsening of the recession there is a decrease in the working capital. Therefore the efficient management of working

Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Assignment - Research Paper Example Therefore, in order for the businesses to remain competitive, advertising and fashion shows have become important activities that aim at attracting the customers. However, the level at which models with low body mass index is used in fashion shows and advertising within the fashion arts is alarming. This paper will therefore discuss reasons why use of models with low body mass index in fashion shows and advertising within the fashion arts should be banned. The largest market segment composes of the young generation. These are people who are willing to use their disposable money on luxurious goods. Therefore, they are easily swayed by the models with low body mass index. With the changing perception concerning the fashion industry, many of the young people want to look like the models that are used in the fashion shows and adverts of the fashion arts. Even though majority of them do not have the knowledge on losing weight, they try to use any means available to look like the fashion models. For instance, research indicates that many turn to diet in order to reduce their body mass index (Perrier 27). This is through reducing the amount of food they take or skipping some of the meals. Majority of these people ends up being malnourished or suffering from diseases that are associated with poor feeding habits. On the other hand, other groups of people have turned their attention to drugs that are perceived to help the users reduce the body mass index. Some of these drugs have devastating side effects. Majority of the users suffer from body reactions that emanates from the use of the drugs. This is because there are no prescribed ways of using them. Furthermore, majority of them are misled and do not have the information on the repercussions of these drugs on their bodies. Therefore, during fashion shows and fashion adverts, models used should be a representative of the whole population. These are people of all body sizes. Nevertheless, during

Predictiveness and the Level of Processing Research Paper - 1

Predictiveness and the Level of Processing - Research Paper Example M, 27 September 2008). Memory does a very important job which is to remember and the same has some vital subdivisions such as attention, encoding, rehearsal and retrieval. It is believed that the durability of the memory depends on the functions of the depth of processing. Going by this statement it is believed that the deeper the functions of various processes which go on in human mind, sharper the memory. "Older adults typically experience two main types of difficulty with their memory; the first is memory for names, and the second is memory for details of occurrences. The difficulty with names sometimes generalizes to infrequently used words and to names of objects, but is most evident in names of people. The second difficulty shows itself in forgetting where a possession was left, in the source of newly acquired information, and in ''telling the same tale (at least!) twice'' (Koriat, Ben-Zur, &Sheffer, 1988). It is extremely important to know about the process of remembering because it is closely related to Predictiveness. In this regards the above information is very handy. "While information-processing models of human memory have been concerned largely with structural aspects of the system, there is a growing tendency for theorists to focus, rather, on the processes involved in learning and remembering." (Craik, Fergus I. M, 27 September 2008). So there is importance given to the process involved in learning and remembering these days, Predictiveness and the process of remembering go hand in hand, the rest of the paper will explain the same with the help of apt examples. Method An experiment will clear all the doubts related to this topic and the result of the experiment will provide an in-depth analysis on how Predictiveness effects the level of Processing. There are 132 students who are participating in an experiment to determine how Predictiveness affects the level of Processing. Of these 132 students no of female students are 82 with the mean age of 19.8, so the mean age goes to show that the experiment is conducted on young students to get the exact results. The experiment showed a Power-point presentation to the students, the presentation consisted of 40 sentences of which 20 were composed of Predictive sentences and the other 20 were Non- predictive sentences. These 40 sentences shown to the students did not have the last word, in other words the last word each sentence was intentionally left blank. The organizers of the experiment probed the students to think of the missing word. After sometime all the forty sentences were shown with the last word f or 2 seconds each. After the experiment the students were asked to take a recognition test and the test consisted of 80 different items. Of these 80 items 20 were Predictive were and 20 were Non- predictive words, the rest 40 were fillers, these fillers were included to get to know the result better. The result of this experiment is on the next page and the ambiguities regarding this topic will be settled after looking at the results. Results The

Finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Finance - Assignment Example Sainsburys is second in terms of market share, ASDA is third and Morrisons is fourth (with 11.8), according to Reuters Finance. But when we look into market share increase over the past two years we find that Tesco’s profit margin in 2011 was 8.47% and decreased to 8.15% in 2012 perhaps reflecting the overall decline in retail profits due to the weakened economy. It is important to note though that Tesco was still operating with a profit margin of over 8%. When comparing this to Morrisons, who experienced an slightly decrease from 6.9% in 2011 to 6.89%, even though this was only a slight decrease it was still operating on a loss for both the years. The inability to change the profitability of the business has meant a decline in the share price of 13% and as a result ordinary shareholders would be put off investing the this business. ROE The Return on equity (ROE) is defined as the net income that is returned to the shareholder as a percentage of the shareholder’s fund. ROE of a company actually measures the profit that the company generates from the shareholders money (Warren, 2009). Thus, change in ROE of both the companies is compared to see which company is favourable for the investor to invest in, so that he will receive a higher ROE. From the analysis, it is seen that the ROE of Tesco Plc has decreased by 0.25% in 2012 as compared to 2011. It indicates that the shareholders have received fewer amounts as return in 2012 by losing a part of their investment. Comparing the ROE of Morrison, it is found that there has been 1.12% increase in 2012 from 2011. It indicates that if investment is made in Morrison’s share then an investor will be getting greater return in 2012. But if both the companies ROE is compared, then it can be stated that the shares of Tesco Plc are worth investing than Morrison’s, since it gives higher ROE (White, Sondhi and Fied, 2003). EPS Earnings per share are defined as the portion of profit of the company tha t is allocated to the shareholder. It actually indicates the profitability of the company. The Earning per Share (EPS) of Tesco Plc has increased in 2012 from 2011 by 0.01. The EPS of Morrison shows an increase in 2012 from 2011 by 0.20, but if EPS of both the companies are compared, then it is found that Tesco Plc is giving a higher earning than Morrison (Lucy, 2003). The EPS of both the companies can be compared because both are from the retail industry. Dividend per share Dividend per share (DPS) can be defined as the total dividends that are paid out over an entire period of time to the shareholders divided by number of the shares that are issued by the company. The dividend per share of Tesco Plc 14.7 p in 2012 is higher than that of Morrison 11.6 p. Thus it can be said that the customers of Tesco Plc. will be getting more as dividend if they invest in Tesco Plc. The change in dividend per share of Tesco Plc is negligible, 1.2 p, as compared to Morrison which is 3.3 p in 2012. The DPS of both companies can be compared since they belong to the same retail industry. Dividend payout ratio The dividend payout ratio is the percentage of the earning of the company that is paid to the shareholde

Need and Respect Essay Example for Free

Need and Respect Essay MichelGerges 18/11/12 â€Å" Respect is the key, they are many doors in life and basketball could be one but if you don’t get the key of respect then you will never get pass that door.† Many people that are trying to attract good things into their life have one major flaw. They do not respect what they seek. Our team desires to win and to succeed in the game of basketball but we do not the respect or mind set to do so. Respect is a very important factor in any sport. You must respect your teammates, your coach, the referee, the fans and your opponent. More importantly, you must respect the game. You must show up on time for games and practices and respect the rules of the game and the rules of the STM team. These rules were simple, the coaches did not ask for much from us. All they had asked for was for us to show respect for everyone on and off the court. Another rule was to be a leader, in a way which you wouldn’t let your teammates disturb other leagues that go on in the church such as other sports league. Show them the respect that we would want back in return. By not telling our friends to stop fooling around then we don’t show any leadership. Leadership is also a way to show respect. We didn’t show leadership when Mina had asked us all to calm down and to get our friends to stop disturbing the league. Mina has better things to do on his Saturday mornings but he decides every morning to get up early to help us even though we have been nothing but ungrateful children who just want to play around and not play real basketball or find out what it’s really like to have the heart for the game. Also, coming into practice late and walking in as if you own the place is unacceptable. It shows a lack of respect and self-discipline. We should treat this team as if it was a team outside of the church. Actually we should treat this with double the respect because this team is a privilege not a right. Not many of us have noticed that yet. Respect to me means being able to step in someone else’s shoes and take a look at life from a different point of view. Everybody has a story and a history we may never hear about, and we must be understanding and non-judgmental. Its loving and caring for everyone around us, for we are all important pieces of the big puzzle that is life. This is what I think respect means but it means many different things to different people and we need to learn to have one common ground with each other. This will help us  to advance in life and succeed and this is the same thing with basketball. If we want to win games and win tournaments than we must have respect for all our coach and teammates. Mentally and physically. We need to sacrifice our body when working hard so that you are giving a hundred and ten percent on the court and not regretting it.

Current Voltage Relation of Different Memristor Models

Current Voltage Relation of Different Memristor Models Abstract: Memristor a two terminal passive non volatile device is considered as the fourth circuit element and can be used in many applications which includes memory, logic and neuromorphic systems. The memristor provides many advantages like scalability, compatibility with CMOS and offers no leakage current. Various models of memristor have been discussed in this paper. The main focus is on the Current-Voltage (IV) relation of different models and its simulation is done in Cadence Virtuoso. Index Terms- memristor, VerilogA, window function, SPICE, threshold. INTRODUCTION In 1971, L. O. Chua introduced the fourth passive circuit element named memristor which is two terminal non volatile device with a property of variable resistance known as memristance [1]. The memristance provides the relation in the time integrals of voltage and current. Originally, current controlled time invariant memristor is expressed as where w is state variable, v(t) is the device voltage, i(t) is the memristor device current, R(w, i) is the memristance and t is the time period. Since HP labs proclaimed the physical working model of memristor [2], it opens the doors to the new type of electronics. Some of the applications includes logic design [3] [4], memory [5], neuromorphic systems [6]. Different models of memristor have been deigned. Formally designed models does not contain threshold [2] [7] [8] (i.e. resistance changes for any current or voltage). The Threshold Adaptive Memristor model (TEAM )[9] and Voltage Threshold Adaptive Memristor model (VTEAM) [10] models exhibits the threshold current and threshold voltage respectively, are the most efficient models and less computational complexity. In this paper current-voltage relation of different models is implemented using VerilogA code. Section II describes the different types of memristor models. Comparison of memristor model is provided in section III. The paper is concluded in section IV. DIFFERENT MEMRISTOR MODELS Linear Ion Drift Model This is the first and basic model of memristor proposed by HP Labs [3]. This model has width which is splitted in two regions as shown in Figure 1. The region with width w is doped with positive oxygen ions (originally TiO2) and has low resistance therefore is more conductive and other side is undoped. Each region is modeled with resistor (in series). Various assumptions are considered i.e. ohmic conductance, uniform field and average ion mobility. RON is the resistance at w(t) = D and ROFF is the resistance at w(t) = 0 The state variable w(t) is bounded within the interval [0,D]. To prevent w from going beyond the physical dimensions of the device, the derivative of w is required to multiply by the window function. The IV relationship curve of linear ion drift model of memristor for sinusoidal input is shown in figure 2. Figure1: HP memristor model [1] Figure 2: IV curve of linear memristor model with 2-window function. (frequency=20MHz,source amplitude=0.003A, Ron=100ohm, Roff=2e5ohm, ÃŽ ¼v=10e-14m^2/Vs, D=10e-9m, P_coeff=2, initial state=0.5, j=1, w_multiplied=1e9, P_window_noise=1e-18) Non Linear Ion Drift Model Although the linear ion drift model of memristor is simple and satisfies the basic memristor equations. But as per the experiments of the fabricated device, it behaves differently i.e. it is highly non linear [11] [12]. The non linearity is desirable for logic circuits, therefore another memristor model have been proposed based on experimental results concluded in [11]. A model is [13] proposed. The relation between current and voltage for this model is Where ÃŽ ±, , are known as fitting parameters and parameter n describes the influence of state variable (w) on the currents. . Here, the state variable w is normalized within the interval [0,1]. The model shows asymmetric switching behavior, in a way that during the ON state, w is near one and the first term of, is the dominant part of the current, which is a tunneling phenomenon. During the OFF state, w is near zero and the second term, has the dominant part of the current, which is similar to an ideal diode equation. The state variable differential equation is written as where a, m are constants, f(w) is the window function and m is an odd integer. And there is a nonlinear dependency on voltage. The IV characteristics of this model is shown in figure 3. Figure3: IV curve of non linear ion drift model with 2-window function (frequency=20MHz,source amplitude=1V, P_coeff=1, initial state=0.5, j=1, Alpha=2, Beta=9, C=0.01, g=4, n=13, q=13,a=4, w_multiplied=1, P_window_noise=1e-18) Figure 4: IV curve of simmons tunnel barrier model. (frequency=20MHz,source amplitude=0.003A, Ron=100ohm, Roff=2e5ohm, D=3e-9m, initial state=0.5, aon=2e-9,aoff =1.2e-9, ion=8.9e-6, ioff=115e-6,con=40e-6, coff=3.5e-6,b=500e-6,Xc=107e-12 w_multiplied=1e9, P_window_noise=1e-18) Simmons Tunnel Barrier Model Another model having more accuracy than previous discussed model was proposed in [14]. The assumptions of this new model includes non-linearity and asymmetric switching behavior because of an exponential dependency of movement of ionized dopants i.e. changes in state variable. Physical model of this type has a resistor in series with electron tunnel barrier. The simmons tunnel barrier width x, is the state variable. So the derivative of x can be represented as oxygen vacancy drift velocity, and is: where b, con, coff, ion, ioff, aon, aoff are known as fitting parameters. Con is always greater than coff and they both effect the magnitude of change of x. The parameters ioff and ion define the current threshold. Another parameter aoff and aon gives the upper and lower bounds of x respectively. Within the range defined, the derivative of state variable x, is significantly smaller than state variable itself. Therefore, there is no need of window function that is the biggest advantage of this model. According to the simmons tunnel model, the relation between voltage and current can be expressed as: Where V is applied voltage and v is internal voltage of the device (it is not necessary that both voltages are equal [15] ). Based on the fitting parameters, the IV characteristics curve of the simmons tunnel barrier model is shown in figure 4. TEAM Model Before 2013, it was claimed that Simmons Tunnel Barrier model is the most accurate memristor model but it too has some limitations of complication, unexplicit relation in voltage and current and is not in general. Therefore a model with accuracy and simpler expressions is the main demand. The TEAM ( Threshold Adaptive Memristor model) is proposed by Shahar Kvatinsky [16]. This is simple and general model, physically similar to predefined model. Some assumptions can be made for analysis and for computational efficiency. Based on assumptions, state variable derivative of this model is expressed as where aon,aoff, kon,and koff are constants (koff is positive and kon is negative). foff(x) and fon (x) are the window functions, depends on state variable x. by assuming the current voltage relation is same as memristance of memristor which changes linearly in x. Therefore, but if Simmons Tunnel Barrier model is assumed then memristance changes exponentially and given as where ÃŽ » is the fitting parameter. The parameter Ron and Roff are resistances at bound and satisfies By tuning different parameters of the model, the VI curve of this model is showm in figure11. According to [9], it is claimed that the accuracy of TEAM model is more enough having mean error of 0.2%. VTEAM Model Many experiments on memristive devices shown the existence of threshold voltage [2] [16] [17] instead of threshold current. Therefore, Shahar Kvatinsky designs the new model i.e. VTEAM model [10] (Voltage Threshold Adaptive Memristor model), contains threshold voltage. Another reason for the existence of this model is that a memristor exhibiting threshold voltage is more desirable than the threshold current in many applications of memory and logic [10]. The advantages of TEAM model (i.e. general, accurate, simple, designer friendly) combines with threshold voltage in spite of threshold current gives the VTEAM model. Similar to the state variable derivative of TEAM model, the state variable derivative of VTEAM model is where koff, kon ÃŽ ±off and ÃŽ ±on are constants. Parameters voff and von are threshold voltages. The window functions fon and foff defines the dependency of state variable derivative on state variable w. for VTEAM model, the current voltage relation is not properly defined but the linear dependency of state variable and resistance can be attained, from where current voltage relation is where woff and won gives bounds of state variable w. The curve for the IV relation of VTEAM memristor model is depicted as in figure 6. Figure 5: IV curve of TEAM model with 4-window type. (frequency=20MHz,source amplitude=0.003A, Ron=100ohm, Roff=2e5ohm, ÃŽ ¼v=10e-14m^2/Vs, D=10e-9m, P_coeff=2, initial state=0.5, j=1.5, aon=2.3e-9, aoff =1.2e-9, ion=-1e-6, ioff=1e-6, kon=-8e-13, koff=8e13, xon=0, xoff=3e-9, aon=3,aoff=3, Xc =107e-12 w_multiplied=1e9, P_window_noise=1e-18) Figure6: IV curve of VTEAM model without window function. (frequency=20MHz,source amplitude=1V, Ron=100ohm, Roff=2e5ohm, ÃŽ ¼v=10e-14m^2/Vs, D=10e-9m, P_coeff=2, initial state=0.5, j=1.5, aon=2e-9, aoff =1.2e-9, von=-0.2 voff=0.02, kon=-8e-13, koff=8e13, xon=0, xoff=3e-9, aon=3,aoff=3, Xc =107e-12 w_multiplied=1e9, P_window_noise=1e-18) COMPARISON Comparison of different models of memristor is listed in table1. Table 1: Comparison between diffent memristor models. CONCLUSION In this paper, different models of memristor- linear ion drift model, non linear ion drift model, simmons tunnel barrier model, TEAM model and VTEAM model are described. Moreover the VI characteristics of each model is simulated. The VI curve for VTEAM model is most efficient and desirable. Also VTEAM and TEAM models are simple, general and accurate. The VI characteristics of each model is implemented by using verilogA code [18] because of its effiency regarding computational time than SPICE model. REFERENCES L. O. Chua, â€Å"Memristor – The Missing Circuit Element,† IEEE Transactions on Circuit Theory, Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 507-519, 1971. D. B. Strukov, G. S. Snider, D. R. Stewart, and R. S. Williams, The Missing Memristor Found,† Nature, Vol. 453, No. 7191, pp. 80-83, 2008. G. Snider, â€Å"Computing with hysteretic resistor crossbars†, Applied Physics A, Material Science Process, vol. 80, page 1165-1172, 2005. S. Kvatinsky, E. G. Friedman, A. Kolodny, and U. C. Wieser, â€Å"Memristor-based IMPLY logic design procedure†, Proceedings IEEE International Conference Computational Design, page 142-147, 2011. G. M. Huang, Y. Ho, and P. Li, â€Å"Nonvolatile memristor memory: Device characteristics and design implication†, Proceedings IEEE International Conference Computer Aided Design, page 485-490, 2009. A. Ayatollahi, A. Afifi, and F. Raissi, â€Å"Implementation of biologically plausible spiking neural network models on memristor crossbar-based CMOS/Nano circuits,† Proceedings Eur. Conference Circuit Theory Design, page 563-566, 2009. E. Lehtonen and M. Laiho, CNN Using Memristors for Neighborhood Connections, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Cellular Nanoscale Networks and their Applications, pp. 1-4, February 2010. M. D. Pickett et al., Switching Dynamics in Titanium Dioxide Memristive Devices, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 106, No. 7, pp. 1-6, October 2009. S. Kvatinsky, A. Kolodny, U. C. Wieser, and E. G. Friedman, â€Å"TEAM: ThrEshold Adaptive Memristor Model†, IEEE Transactions on circuits and Systems 1: Regular Papers, page 211-221, 2013. S. Kvatinsky, M. Ramadan, E. G. Friedman, and A. Kolodny, â€Å"VTEAM – A General Model for Voltage Controlled Memristors†, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, page- 1-5, 2014. J. J. Yang, M. D. Pickett, X. Li, D. R. Stewart, and R. S. Williams, â€Å"Memristive switching mechanism for metal/oxide/metal nanodevice†, Nature Nanotechnology, page 429-433, 2008. R. S. Williams, and D. B. Strukov, â€Å"Exponential ionic drift: Fast switching and low volatility of thin- film memristor†, Applied Physics A. Material Sci. Process., page 515-519, 2009. M. Laiho, and E. Lehtonen, â€Å"CNN using memristors for neighborhood connections†, Proceedings International Workshop Cell. Nanoscale Network Their Applications, page 1-4, 2010. D. B. Strukov, J. J. Yang, M. D. Pickett, and J. L. Borghetti, â€Å"Switching dynamics in titanium dioxide memristive devices†, Journal Applied Physics, page 1-6, 2009. J. G. Simmons, â€Å" Generalized formula for the electric tunnel effect between similar electrodes separated by thin insulating film†, Journal Applied Physics, page 1793-1803, 1963. A. Chanthbouala, et al., A Ferroelectric Memristor., Nature materials, page 860-864, 2010. D. Liu, et al., Analog Memristors Based on Thickening/Thinning of Ag Nanofilaments in Amorphous Manganite Thin Films, ACS Applied Materials Interfaces, page 11258-11264, 2013.

The Problems That Faced Arab Nationalism Politics Essay

The Problems That Faced Arab Nationalism Politics Essay Upon the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the presence of imperial powers shortly after, the Middle East had to contend with a radical change in both the dynamics and the concentration of power within the region. These circumstances would lead in turn to chronic conflict in the Middle East and consequent repeated attempts at unifying the Arab world. This essay will look at how and why attempts were made at uniting Arab states and why these attempts often failed at delivering any significant unification. First it is important to look closely at the position the Middle East found itself in, in the early 20th century. The Ottoman Empire had ruled the region for over four centuries and had done so through divisions of people in different autonomous communal groups. This was in stark contrast to the territorial borders imposed by the imperial powers. As Ayoob argues, boundaries imposed by imperial powers fragmented the region into the multitude of weak, competing and often artificial state units on the basis of great powers interests and not indigenous wishes. The position the Middle East therefore found itself in was one in which indigenous groups were divided by territorial borders imposed by imperial powers, with these borders often simply being drawn with a ruler on a map with little attention being paid to the dynamics of the peoples living in these areas. Next it is important to look at the challenges states faced in nation building and how this would HAVE/of contributed to the need of Arabism. As Hinnebusch explains, one of the great difficulties facing Arab nations was incongruence within the new founded states. Identification of the people within the territorial state was weak compared with loyalties to sub-state units, such as the city, the tribe, or religious sect. The imported idea of the nation state had little historic tradition on which to build. As a result of Arab states being in a weakened position due to their challenge of nation building the ARABIST/Arabism movement meant that states could be UNITED MORE STRONGLY/stronger united. Leaders of Arab states would call for unity within the region in order to counter pressures from western powers. Hinnebusch explains that within a group, identity facilitates cooperation and mobilizes agents for change and where identity converges with shared territory and economic interdependence, resulting in a nation state or regional community, legitimacy and stability is reached. This was the mentality of Arab leaders when calling for unity. Kienle (1995) argues that states turned to Pan Arabism when they feel vulnerable and insecure. The use of identity is merely an instrument used in order to call for support in times of potential danger. Benedict Anderson argues that certain processes tie groups together into an imagined community. For example the development of local and regional economies engage different groups creating a link between them. The one-state-one-nation Western ideal contrasted with the Arab notion of one-nation-many-states. This follows the basic principle of Arab Nationalism or Arabism, which calls for the unification of all Arab people. The Arab world is unique in that the region shares, to a large extent, a common language, culture, history and religion. These are all important factors in determining nationalism of a state. Therefore the region looked set in establishing an Arab nationalism movement as it held all the ingredients to do so. However the issue was that the region had been divided into states, some of which WERE deemed artificial, and so as these new founded states attempted to consolidate power within their own territory and gain some form of identity, Arabism would face several constraints. From the outset there had been no agreement on how Arabism would be combine with more local loyalties (such as within the state). As states started to gain independence nationalistic movements started to take place in order to unify the peoples within territorial borders. For example Iraq, WHICH/who became the first Arab state to achieve its official independence in 1932, went through a process that attempted to create a sense of Iraqi Patriotism. King Faisal conducted a competition between poets and musicians to provide words and music for the first Iraqi national anthem. Therefore one of the issues that first arose in causing a difficulty in the establishment of Arabism was the need of consolidating power within new FOUND/founded territorial borders and the call to local loyalties that would put a wider call to Arabism on hold. Another issue that faced Arabism was the competition between the stronger Arab states in taking lead throughout the region. As state building became more and more important, leaders were often concerned about losing power to other Arab states. An example of this was King Faisal attempts at holding an Arab congress in Baghdad, in order to use Arab support to help reduce Iraqi weakness and overcome the dangers threatening the integrity of Iraqi society. However Humphreys, the British High Commissioner, NO WHO NEEDED/who argued it could provoke hostility from Iraqi neighbours and bring about the very dangers that the king feared, rejected the proposal. It would have built up hostility from leading Arab states like Saudi Arabia who resisted any moves made by states that could put them into a leading position within the region. The outcome of the six-day war is often used to signal the end of the Arabism movement. The war led to the astounding Israeli victory over a united Arab force (primarily Egypt, Syria and Jordan) and the inability of ARAB/Arabic countries to generate economic growth. One of the major reasons to why this would be the downfall of the ARABIST/Arabism movement was the extent to which Egypt suffered major losses in the war. Egypts losses meant that they would no longer at the front food of Arab politics. From 1967 and throughout the 1970s we see the country move further and further away from the pursuit of Arabism. The Camp David Accords, promoting peace between Israel and Egypt and the expulsion of Egypt from the Arab league in 1979 highlight the end of Egypts quest in uniting Arabic nations. The lack of efficiency of Pan-Arab institutions was another factor in the failure of the movement. In an anarchic system whereby states have no one to report to, there was no way in ensuring that Arabic states would adhere to Pan-Arab friendly practices. One OF the first institutions to be set up in order to promote Arabism was the United Arab Republic (UAR), established in 1958, which included Syria and Egypt. However the institution only lasted until 1961 as Syria pull out of the initiative due to Nassers want to dominate both countries. In 1963 the new UAR was set up, this time including Iraq as well AS Egypt and Syria, and including an entirely federal system where by each state was able to keep its identity. The institution lasted longer than its predecessor had, but again was abolished in 1971 due to the differences between Syria and Egypt. Gamal Abdell Nasser, the Egyptian President, had been a key figure in the push for unity among Arab states. Soon after his assumption of power in 1956, becoming the second president of Egypt, Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal, and at the same time denounced Western influence in the Arab world. This created a strong feeling of support throughout the Arab world for Nasser, and the way in which he dealt with the repercussions of the British and French powers consolidated his position as the face of Arabism. From this point on Nasser would attempt to unify Arabs throughout the region although often he was seen as overbearing, one example NO BEING NEEDED/being mentioned above whereby the early break up of the UAR was caused through his domination of Syrias government and consequently Syrias decision to leave the institution. The death of Egypts second president on the 28th of September 1970 is often seen as the final nail in the coffin for Arabism, after the devastating results of the 1967 war. It meant that there was no leader to which Arabs could aspire and turn to in the name of Arabism and as a result meant there was nothing holding the fort in preventing the movement NO INTO NEEDED/into dissolving into something of the past. There is conclusive evidence that Nassers death was in fact the end of Arabism. By the mid-1970s the idea of Arab unity became less and less apparent in Arab politics (The Continuum Political Encyclopaedia of the Middle east). Nassers death also clinched the end of Egypt as the leading state of Arabism. Anwar Al Sadat, Nassers successor, revived an Egyptian orientation, unequivocally asserting that only Egypt and Egyptians were his responsibility. Ultimately the death of Nasser led to the Arab world losing its leader in the quest of uniting its peoples.