Taking a Closer Look at Thailands Free Trade Agreement Essay

Taking a Closer Look at Thailands Free Trade Agreement - Essay Example The term "free trade" has become very politically loaded, and it is not uncommon for so-called "free trade agreements" to impose additional trade restrictions. Such restrictions on trade are often due to domestic political pressure by powerful corporate, environmental or labor interest groups. Free trade agreements are a key element of customs unions and free trade areas. The details and differences of these agreements are covered in their respective articles (Wikipedia Website). The spate of Thailand's bilateral FTAs had sprung from its intense need to supply more markets for its own exports after the failure of the WTO negotiations in the Doha Development Round. For others, this represents a shift in the Thai trade policy from multilateralism that Thailand advocated for two decades since it became a GATT member in 1982. Either way, new challenges abound for all parties due to this recent policy change leaning towards bilateralism and regionalism instead of multilateralism (Chirathivat & Mallikamas, 2004 p. 37). Before this, Thailand already built bilateral and regional trade ties with a number of trading partners in Asia and the world. In further improving the nature of its FTA policy, there will be implications for the country since many businesses there are not broadly multilateral. With regards to the impact of the FTAs, costs and benefits, and adjustment mechanisms are still being scrutinized. However, the government is strongly determined to realize these alternative liberalization paths and incorporate it as an integral part of Thailand's new trade strategy. To elaborate more on Thailand's pivotal decision of adapting new strategies in its FTA, Chirathivat & Mallikamas (2004, p. 40) mentioned that the financial crisis of 1997-98 could be the main reason. Thailand and generally the East Asian region felt the need to promote closer economic co-operation. Although regionalism is regarded as the second-best policy, many countries have started to explore this alternative. The effect of competitive liberalization contributed in a way to the rise in regionalism worldwide and also in East Asia and Thailand. The advantages should maintain "competitive liberalization" that would open up favorable markets and ease the regulations within the group, which would put an outsider country in a possible unfavorable situation. As a result, foreign companies with a presence in Thailand are currently shifting strategy to take advantage of its FTAs. For instance, Toyota Motor Corp. is shipping manual transmissions for pickup trucks from India to Thailand, and sending Corolla knockdown kits back the other way for assembly in India. Both items benefit from the lower tariffs of the FTA and greatly help increase Toyota's price competitiveness (Nagao, 2005). In addition, Japan is pressuring Thailand to eliminate import tariffs on cars with 3000cc engines and luxury cars over 3000cc before the seven-year period offering by Thailand. It seems Japan wants to increase import quotas of Japanese cars by 1-3 per cent of total production in Thailand. In fact, Japan has warned Thailand that its proposal on luxury cars is the most important

Protein Synthesis in DNA Processes

Protein Synthesis in DNA Processes Protein synthesis is the process whereby DNA encodes for the production of amino acids and proteins. It is a very complex and precise process and as proteins make up over half of the dry mass of a cell, it is a vital process to the maintenance, growth and development of the cell. Proteins are widely used in the cell for a variety of reasons and have many different roles, for example some proteins provide structural support for cells while others act as enzymes which control cell metabolism. The formation of proteins takes place within the cytoplasm, the portion of the cell located just outside the nucleus. Proteins are formed through condensation reactions which bond amino acids together with peptide bonds in a particular sequence and the type of protein that is created is defined by the unique sequence of the amino acids. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that are formed in the nucleotides and are both involved in the process of protein synthesis. Deoxyribonucleic acid, more commonly known as DNA, is located within the nucleus of the cell and contains the entire genetic code for an organism within its structure. DNA has two very important functions which are: to convey information from one generation of cells to the next by the process of DNA replication and to provide the information for the synthesis of proteins necessary for cellular function. Basically, DNA controls protein synthesis. The complex and precise process of protein synthesis begins within a gene, which is a distinct portion of a cells DNA. DNA is a nucleic acid which is made up of repeating monomers, called nucleotides, and in the case of DNA, these individual monomers consist of a pentose sugar, a phosphoric acid and four bases known as adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. DNA is a double stranded polymer, which has a twisted ladder like structure, known as a double-helix. The double-helix of DNA is formed when two polynucleotide chains join together via base-pairing between nucleotide units within the individual chains. The base pairs are joined together themselves by hydrogen bonds and the pairings join in a very specific way, for example guanine will always only join with cytosine and adenine with always only join with thymine. The sequence of these base pairs along the DNA molecule carries all the genetic information of the cell. Although the DNA does not produce the new proteins itself, it is responsible for controlling the process of protein synthesis. This is simply because DNA is far too big a structure to pass through the nucleus into the cytoplasm, so instead it sends a message to the protein making machine in the cytoplasm to start the process. It does this by sending this information via a chemical similar to DNA called ribonucleic acid (RNA). RNA is single stranded polymer of nucleotides which is formed on the DNA. There are three types of RNA found in cells, all of which are involved in process of protein synthesis. They are Messenger RNA (mRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and Transfer RNA (tRNA). Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a long, single stranded molecule which is formed into a helix on a single strand of DNA. It is manufactured in the nucleus and is a mirror copy of the part of the DNA strand on which it is formed. The messenger RNA passes through the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm where is connects with the ribosomes and acts as a template for protein synthesis. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a large, complex molecule which is made up of both single and double helices. rRNA is formed by the genes which are situated on the DNA and is found in the cytoplasm which, when bonded with proteins, makes up the ribosomes. The difference between DNA and RNA is that DNA is a double helix consisting of two strands whereas RNA is simply a singular strand, RNA also uses uracil instead of thymine and DNA consists of a deoxyribose sugar, whereas RNA consists of a ribose sugar. Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a very small, single stranded molecule that is manufactured by the DNA in the nucleus and is primarily responsible for the transfer of amino acids. These amino acids are found in the cytoplasm, at the ribosomes and operates as an intermediary molecule between the triplet code of mRNA and the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain. It forms a clover-leaf shape, with one end of the chain ending in a cytosine-cytosine-adenine sequence (Toole, 1997). There are at least twenty different types of tRNA, each transporting a different amino acid and at a central point along the chain there is a significant sequence of three bases, called the anticodon. These are arranged along the appropriate codon on the mRNA during protein synthesis. All proteins are encoded for in DNA, and the unit of DNA which codes for a protein is its gene. Since amino acids are regularly found within the proteins, it can then be assumed that the amino acids must have their own code of bases on the DNA. This relationship between the bases and the amino acids is called the genetic code. There are just twenty amino acids that regularly occur in proteins and each must be coded for in the bases of the DNA. With the DNA only having four different bases present, if each were to code for a different amino acid, then only four different amino acids could be coded for. With there being twenty amino acids that occur regularly in proteins, only a code composed of three bases could satisfy the requirements for all twenty amino acids; this is called the triplet code and this triplet code is more commonly known as a codon. Out of the 64 codons can be formed, three of these designate the termination of a message and these are called stop codons (UAA, UGA, U AG) and one codon (AUG) acts as the start signal for protein synthesis. The codon is a universal code, i.e. it is the same triplet code for the same amino acids in all living organisms. As there is more than one triplet code for most amino acids, it is called a degenerate code and each triplet must be read separately and must not over-lap. For example, CUGAGCUAG is read as CUG-AGC-UAG. (Toole, 1997) Protein synthesis is the process that is concerned with transfer of the information from the triplet code on the DNA to ensure the formation of the proteins. There are four stages in the formation of the proteins, these are: synthesis of amino acids; transcription; amino acid activation and translation. The first stage, the synthesis of amino acids, is concerned with the formation of amino acids. The human body is able to synthesise amino acids, however it is not able to form the required amount therefore the remaining amino acids are supplied from the food that is ingested. The second stage, transcription, is the process where a specific region of the DNA molecule that codes for a polypeptide is copied to form a strand of mRNA. Since the DNA is far too big a structure to pass through the membrane of the nucleus itself, the process of transcription takes place within the nucleus. Firstly, a section of the DNA separates as a result of hydrogen bonds between the bases being broken, causing the DNA to unwind into single strands. One strand functions as a template and the enzyme called RNA polymerase moves along the strand attaching RNA nucleotides one at a time to the newly exposed strand on DNA. This mRNA sequence is known as the sense strand and the complementary DNA sequence which serves as the transcriptional template is known as the antisense strand. Using complimentary base pairing of nucleotides, the mRNA is an exact replica of the unused strand called the copy strand. The process of transcription continues until the polymerase reaches the stop codon and the fully formed mRNA moves out of the nuclear membrane, through the nuclear pores, to the ribosomes. The third stage, amino acid activation, is the process by which the amino acid combines with tRNA using energy from ATP. There are twenty different types of tRNA which bond with a specific amino acid and the amino acid is attached to the free end of the tRNA. The newly formed tRNA-amino acid begins to move toward the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. The fourth and final stage of protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosomes, and is called translation. Translation is the means by which a specific sequence of amino acids is formed in accordance with the codons on the mRNA. Each mRNA molecule becomes attached to one or more ribosomes to form a structure called a polysome. When translation occurs, the complimentary anticodon of a tRNA-amino acid complex is attracted to the first codon on the mRNA and binds to the mRNA with hydrogen bonds between the complimentary base pairings. A second tRNA binds to the second codon of mRNA in the same way. The ribosome acts as a framework which holds the mRNA and tRNA amino acid complex together until the two amino acids are joined together by the formation of a peptide bond. As the ribosome moves along the mRNA each codon is recognised by a matching complementary tRNA which contributes its amino acid to the end of a new growing protein chain. This process continues until the ribosome reaches a stop codon, which then indicates that the polypeptide chain is finished and the polypeptide chain is then cast off. The formed polypeptides are then assembled into proteins and by this action, protein synthesis is complete. In conclusion, the DNA molecules contain a genetic code that determines which proteins are made in the body and these proteins include certain enzymes which control every biological reaction going on within the body. In simple terms, this is basically how life works.

Operation Overlord Essay -- History Attack Overlord Germany Essays

Operation Overlord Operation Overlord was the code name used for the Allied attack on German-occupied Northern France in the summer of 1944. The organization responsible for planning this task was SHAEF, the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force, and the officer in command of Overlord was Major General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Command of ground forces was given to General Bernard Montgomery, while naval forces would be commanded by Admiral Bertram Ramsay. Air forces were under the control of Air Chief Marshal Trafford Leigh-Mallary, and supply and logistics the task of Lt. General John Lee. Operation Bolero The extensive buildup of troops and supplies required to support Overlord began in April of 1942. Known as Operation Bolero, this effort eventually saw the movement of over 1.5 million military personnel to England, as well as the materials required to house, clothe and feed them. The total number of soldiers participating in all aspects of the invasion numbered 2.8 million. Operation Bodyguard The overall effort to deceive the Germans was known as Operation Bodyguard, and consisted of ten smaller operations including Operation Fortitude North, Operation Fortitude South, Operation Graffham and Operation Royal Flush. Operation Fortitude was specifically designed to provide deception for Operation Overlord. Among the many tools used by Fortitude were double agents, fake radio traffic and inflatable vehicles and craft designed to convince the Germans that the buildup of forces were intended to strike at Norway and/or the Pas-de-Calais region of France. Operation Neptune The seaborne aspects of Operation Overlord were known as Operation Neptune, and involved the embarkation of the troops, their transport across the English Channel, and their landings at Normandy. The Neptune forces were also responsible for providing covering gunfire during the landings and for continued supply operations following the landings. Air Superiority By early June of 1944 the Allies had achieved air superiority over the skies of France, and had reduced the Luftwaffe to an almost token force. The Allied control of the air would play a key role in limiting the Germans ability to maneuver their forces once the Overlord landings began. With complete control of the skies, Allied planes could easily identify and destroy German forces moving during daylight. .. ...s were more difficult to locate and disable. Although the fighting at Juno Beach was more intense than that at Gold or Sword, the Canadians managed to exit the beach only a half an hour after landing. Sword Beach The British troops at Sword Beach encountered relatively little initial resistance from the Germans, but were later tasked with repelling a counterattack by the German 21st Panzer Division. Although the 3rd Infantry Division did manage to link up with the 6th Airborne forces, most of their initial objectives, including the capture of Caen, were not met. Aftermath In spite of the myriad of problems encountered by the various landing forces, especially those at Omaha Beach, the Allied forces had established positions inland by the end of June 6th. The Germans, still suspecting that the Normandy landings were a diversion from expected landings in the Pas-de-Calais, failed to launch any significant counterattacks. With beachheads established, air superiority over northern France, and relatively little organized resistance from the Germans, the Allied forces began setting up the necessary supply lines that would be needed for their push into France and on to Germany. Operation Overlord Essay -- History Attack Overlord Germany Essays Operation Overlord Operation Overlord was the code name used for the Allied attack on German-occupied Northern France in the summer of 1944. The organization responsible for planning this task was SHAEF, the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force, and the officer in command of Overlord was Major General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Command of ground forces was given to General Bernard Montgomery, while naval forces would be commanded by Admiral Bertram Ramsay. Air forces were under the control of Air Chief Marshal Trafford Leigh-Mallary, and supply and logistics the task of Lt. General John Lee. Operation Bolero The extensive buildup of troops and supplies required to support Overlord began in April of 1942. Known as Operation Bolero, this effort eventually saw the movement of over 1.5 million military personnel to England, as well as the materials required to house, clothe and feed them. The total number of soldiers participating in all aspects of the invasion numbered 2.8 million. Operation Bodyguard The overall effort to deceive the Germans was known as Operation Bodyguard, and consisted of ten smaller operations including Operation Fortitude North, Operation Fortitude South, Operation Graffham and Operation Royal Flush. Operation Fortitude was specifically designed to provide deception for Operation Overlord. Among the many tools used by Fortitude were double agents, fake radio traffic and inflatable vehicles and craft designed to convince the Germans that the buildup of forces were intended to strike at Norway and/or the Pas-de-Calais region of France. Operation Neptune The seaborne aspects of Operation Overlord were known as Operation Neptune, and involved the embarkation of the troops, their transport across the English Channel, and their landings at Normandy. The Neptune forces were also responsible for providing covering gunfire during the landings and for continued supply operations following the landings. Air Superiority By early June of 1944 the Allies had achieved air superiority over the skies of France, and had reduced the Luftwaffe to an almost token force. The Allied control of the air would play a key role in limiting the Germans ability to maneuver their forces once the Overlord landings began. With complete control of the skies, Allied planes could easily identify and destroy German forces moving during daylight. .. ...s were more difficult to locate and disable. Although the fighting at Juno Beach was more intense than that at Gold or Sword, the Canadians managed to exit the beach only a half an hour after landing. Sword Beach The British troops at Sword Beach encountered relatively little initial resistance from the Germans, but were later tasked with repelling a counterattack by the German 21st Panzer Division. Although the 3rd Infantry Division did manage to link up with the 6th Airborne forces, most of their initial objectives, including the capture of Caen, were not met. Aftermath In spite of the myriad of problems encountered by the various landing forces, especially those at Omaha Beach, the Allied forces had established positions inland by the end of June 6th. The Germans, still suspecting that the Normandy landings were a diversion from expected landings in the Pas-de-Calais, failed to launch any significant counterattacks. With beachheads established, air superiority over northern France, and relatively little organized resistance from the Germans, the Allied forces began setting up the necessary supply lines that would be needed for their push into France and on to Germany.

Rainy Days

Rainy Days Essay By Taylor Chance 11/20/13 Rainy days are wonderful to me. Sometimes they can be a hassle but I still love them. The only time I usually have rainy days is when it is July though. Rainy days are awesome to me sense I can do a lot of things in my own house. The reasons why I like rainy days mainly is because I can sing, listen to music, relax, and eat comforting food. First of all, the reason I like rainy days is because I love to sing.During my rainy days sense the air is usually moist and the temperature is usually cold, it is my favorite time to practice. The climate actually helps my voice by making it very moist instead of dry. If I sing with a dry throat, it will damage my vocal chords and it would also damage my tonsils since I would be straining my voice. So I like to play it on the safe side and practice the most on rainy days. Nonetheless, I love to listen to music on rainy days. I mostly listen to sad or calm music because it relaxes me and brings out my emo tions.It gets even better when I look out the window and I see the gloomy, wispy, and foggy roads and the grasshoppers, birds, and squirrels take cover under big, green trees or leaves with dew from the rain on them as I see the whitish, greyish rain splatter all over the place. My favorite song that I like to listen to most is called â€Å"How to Avoid the Sun† by Bi Rain; it is one of the most beautiful songs I’ve heard or at least one of the nicest songs I’ve listened to.Music also makes me realize new things and wonder about the world especially when it is raining. Another reason is that I love to relax during rainy days. Hearing the pitter patter of the raindrops going on the ground while there is loud thunder as little cool, white or yellow strikes in the sky that looks like a crack in the dark, grey clouds called lightening flash all over the place. I could just flop down on my bed and cuddle under my warm, soft blankets to be nice, cozy, and comfy.Anothe r thing I like to do is take a nap to the sounds of the rain or daydream. It makes me feel like it is winter or something because the cold temperature also relaxes me. Finally, the last reason I love rainy days is because I can eat as much fattening food as I want. Ice cream, hot chocolate, tea, you name it and I will eat it. Eating is one of my favorite things to do even though I do not eat a lot. These are my comfort foods during rainy days to also help me relax.The taste of the creamy, doughy ice cream tickles my taste buds and gives me a brain freeze sense I eat too fast because cookie dough ice cream is my favorite; the hot chocolate is sweet, warm, and it’s warmth makes me feel nice and cozy; and my tea is one of my favorites even though it is healthy. I usually drink tea warm and unsweetened because I try to stay skinny at the same time and my favorite tea is either Darjeeling or Tao: lemon grass and green tea but, these are the reasons why I love rainy days.

Reaction Paper 1

Kaily Purtle 09-10-2012 Study of the Family Reaction Paper 1 In class we discussed Reading #4. This reading was about the â€Å"Super Mom†. We discussed our personally experiences along with readings. We talked about how stay at home mothers and working mothers get looked at by society and by their husbands. I will be writing my reaction paper on this topic because it is very interesting to me. The â€Å"Super Mom† is described in the White and Klein text as a â€Å"stroller in one hand, brief case in the other. † This means that the mother is doing all she can to provide for her family while still catering to her children.On the other end of the spectrum, a â€Å"Stay at Home Mom† is just a mother that stays home with the children. She takes care of every need that the children have while taking care of the home at the same time. The husbands of a â€Å"Stay at Home Mom† believe that it is easy. In the reading, the author says that mothers are face d with intensive mothering where they need to be mothers first before anything. To society, this â€Å"Stay at Home Mom† needs to justify whey she is unable to work outside of the home. There are single moms out there that work everyday so, they need to justify why they live at home.I personally believe that whether or no the mother stays at home just depends on the family situation. The children may needs extra attention that the mother needs to attend to or maybe the husband believes that his wife should stay at home and he makes enough money to take care of his family alone. It just depends I think. We also discussed what mothers should do if they work early till late. We all discussed our own experiences but mine was that my grandfather helped us out. He still does. My father works everyday almost and my mother is a teacher so they are not available during the day.My grandmother works and my grandfather is retired, so it is very easy for us to get ahold of him if we need anything especially since he lives across the street from me. I think we were just blessed to have my family so close to us that way we can help each other out. They are always there for us. Like I said, every family is different. They need to be able tot have someone there for their children when they need to be taken care of no matter if that contains extended family, a brother or sister and maybe the parents if they are available.

mov essays

mov essays Shylock is a wealthy Jewish moneylender in Venice. Although He only appears in 5 scenes throughout The Merchant of Venice the few manifestations we get of him show that he is clearly one of the three most dominating and powerful characters in the entire play. Shylocks case is rather interesting as his power slowly deteriorates throughout the performance. At the beginning he has it all-money, family, identity and a lot of power. However, his focus on money, his hatred of Christians, his inflexible will and his extreme lust for revenge all contribute to his eventual defeat that leaves him with little more than his life. As I said earlier Shylock has power over the majority of the characters in the play. The characters include Antonio-who is the merchant of Venice, Bassanio-Antonios friend, his servant Launcelot and daughter Jessica. The person whom Shylock has the greatest power of all over is Antonio. Antonios life is literally in Shylocks hands. The deal, which Shylock makes with Antonio over the 3,000 ducats, is extremely well thought out and could only come from a very cunning and experienced usurer. Shylocks skills as a negotiator ensure that Antonio takes the bait and that the flesh-bond becomes sealed. When the 3 months is up and Antonio fails to pay Shylock is determined to have his bond. Shylocks intense loathing for Antonio for the mistreatment of himself is what stops him from taking thrice the original payment opting instead for the pound of flesh. This decision and lack of mercy is what drives Shylock to his worthy demise. This chain of events is the flesh-bond storyline, which combined with the love-casket tale makes the entire story. Shylocks bond is initially with Bassanio. Bassanio just used Antonios name as credit for the loan. Although it is Antonio who must either hold the bond or forfeit it is Bassanio who gains the 3,000 ducats. Without Shylocks loan through Antonio to Bassan...

Exploring Male and Female Non-verbal Forms of Communication Essays

Exploring Male and Female Non-verbal Forms of Communication Essays Exploring Male and Female Non-verbal Forms of Communication Paper Exploring Male and Female Non-verbal Forms of Communication Paper â€Å"We cannot not communicate†- this is an established fact in human existence and separates humans from other mammals. Even in silence one sends a multitude of messages: with one’s gaze, facial expression, touch, posture, gestures, and the manner in which one distances himself from the person or persons being communicated with. Equally, one’s choice of clothing and color as well as his timing may say more than what he communicates with his words. Yet as one speaks, more is revealed with the quality of his voice (pitch, tone and intonation), the number and length of his utterances, and the presence or absence of disfluencies in his words and even in his choice of words. Although in most recent studies some communication specialists would separate characteristics attributed to voice as well as word choice as paraverbal communication (Windle and Warren, n. d. ), we will refer to the earliest considerations on the forms of communication- the verbal and the nonverbal (Ehninger, et al, 1982; Pace, Peterson, Burnett, 1979; Becvar, 1974). Whether these nonverbals are sent intentionally or otherwise, one is certain: they serve certain factors: 1) repeating (e. g. vocal utterance and other NVCs that are presumed to repeat what is said), substituting (e. g. shaking the head in disagreement or nodding in acceptance), complementing (to emphasize emotional feelings), regulating, accenting and either deceiving or revealing a person’s intent and real emotions with regards to the communication situation. How much of what one communicates is nonverbal? David Givens (2005) provides an estimate on this phenomenon: Communicating Without Words According to Kramer, 94% of our communication is nonverbal, Jerry (Seinfeld, January 29, 1998). Kramers estimates (like the statistics of anthropologist Ray Birdwhistell [65%; Knapp 1972] and of psychologist Albert Mehrabian [93%; 1971]) are hard to verify. But the proportion of our emotional communication that is expressed apart from words surely exceeds 99%. So much is said even with a very few words that one should have a better understanding of the NVCs to become an effective communicator, and in the process overcome misunderstanding. A number of factors must be considered in understanding this form of communication, namely: 1) the manner in which the nonverbal is sent (either be deliberately or unconsciously transferred); 2) gender (males vs. female); and 3) socio-cultural (Europeans vs. Asians; minority vs. majority). For this purpose, we shall focus our discussion on the effects of gender differences in the use of nonverbal communication. O’Carroll’s (2006) article reviews some of the studies devoted to understanding the effects of gender on an individual’s communication style, including that of Deborah Tannena’s book You Just Don’t Understand: Men and Women in Conversation, which has been in the New York’s list of bestseller for nearly four years and have been translated into 24 languages, implying that certain misconceptions (i. e. girls aren’t more social than boys, neither are they more suggestible, girls aren’t any better at learning off by heart, boys aren’t good at more abstract learning, girls don’t have lower self esteem and that girls lack motivation [Macoby and Jacklin]) why females or males in particular ways while in a communication situation are somehow culturally ingrained in an individual’s pyche. Communicating Without Words Somehow socio-cultural norms (including the roles both assigned and perceived to be attributed to a particular gender) General disparities between male and female communication styles have been described as debate vs. relate, report vs. rapport, or competitive vs. cooperative (Gender Differences in Communication, n. d. ). How these are either revealed or concealed through the nonverbals will likewise be explained. Earlier it was mentioned that several types of nonverbal communication are perceivable in every communicative act. This paper will however focus on only three of them: 1) proxemics or the use of space; 2) kinetics or bodily movements (including gestures; and 3) haptics (touching), which are the more obvious channel of the intended messages, especially in interpersonal communication. There are other levels of communication though: intrapersonal, group and public communication, but for this purpose our discussion will be limited to communication contexts that transpire between two individuals, which centralizes the focus of the message being sent, whether between two sexes or same sex transactions. Proxemics. Just as we communicate with words, so too we transmit messages by placing ourselves in certain spatial relationships, with other persons or objects. The study of these spatial factors- or how we react to the space around us, how we use that space, and how our use of space communicates a particular information- is known as proxemics. Edward T. Hall, a pioneer in the study of proxemics, specified four spatial zones of interpersonal communication (i. e. intimate, personal social and public distance). Communicating Without Words The amount of space a person is allowed in most instances communicates the status of the communicators in a specific communication transaction. Dr. Lilian (1992) concludes that males 1) tend to approach women more closely in terms of their personal space; 2) take up more physical space when sitting or standing, with arms and legs stretched out away from their body; and 3) assume more reclined positions when sitting and lean backward when listening. These observations were likewise echoed in a study conducted by Erica Christoper (n. d. ) Kinetics. The human body is so versatile that it may transmit a number of messages in a single communication transaction. Early researchers delineated body expressions according to the part of the body involved in sending a particular message – facial expression, trunk movements, hand gestures, etc. Empirical evidence also suggests that, in general, 1) women use more head movements than men; 2) smile more often than men; and 3) engages more in eye contact (as cited by Christopher, Ibid). Dr. Lilian on men’s use of facial expression, reports that: 1) They tend to cock their head to the side and look at the other person from an angle when listening; 2) They provide fewer facial expressions in feedback and fewer reactions; 3) They tend to display frowning and squinting when listening; and 4) They stare more in negative interaction (Ibid). Haptics. Everyone uses touch at times to emphasize a point, interrupt another person speaking, or just as a comforting gesture. How this form of nonverbal communication is used and studied given a particular communication situation, has been referred to by communication scholars as haptics. Although women are more likely to use Communicating Without Words touch as a form of communication, men have been found to be more likely to touch women, than women are to touch men (Ibid). These instances, although provide a general observation on male/female communication styles establish the apparent difference in nonverbal use by members of different genders nonetheless. How they differ (relative to social norms and other factors) and to what extent in specific communication context, still need much research. At this point, we rest our case in that we have been provided with the basic understanding on the nonverbal form of communication as affected by gender differences. References: Erica, Christopher. â€Å"Gender Differences in Non-Verbal Behavior: A Global Look at the Use of Passive and Active Nonverbal Cues in Same Sex and Cross-Gender Conversation. † Retrieved 01 April 2009 from Saint Anselm College Website: anselm. edu/internet/psych/theses/seniors2002/christopher/webpage. ht ml#Abstract Ehninger, Douglas; Gronbeck, Bruce E. ; McKerrow, Ray E. ; Monroe, Alan H. (1982). Principles of Speech Communication, 9th Edition. USA: Scott, Foresman and Company. Givens, David (c1997-2008). Nonverbal Communication. Center for Nonverbal Studies. Retrieved April 01, 2009 from http://members. aol. com/nonverbal2/nvcom. htm He Says, She Says: Closing the Communication Gap Between the Sexes. Dr. Lillian Glass. Putnam, 1992. in â€Å"Gender Differences in Communication,† (n. d. ) Communicating Without Words Retrieved April 01, 2009 from The Ladies Room Website: geocities. com/Wellesley/2052/genddiff. html O’ Carroll, Eileen. (September 11, 2006). â€Å"Men are from Earth, and so are Women. † Retrieved April 01, 2009 from Anarchistnews. org: http://anarchistnews. org/? q=node/668 Pace, Wayne R. ; Peterson, Brent D. ; Burnett, M. Dallas. (1979). Techniques for Effective Communication. Philippines: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. Windle, Rod and Warren, Suzanne. (n. d. ) â€Å"Communication Skills. † Collaborative Problem Solving and Dispute Resolution in Special Education: Training, an electronic manual Retrieved April 01, 2009 from directionservice. org/cadre/section4. cfm#Nonverbal%20Messages